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Review Question 1

Review Question 1. How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 4 monomers long? 3. Review Question 2.

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Review Question 1

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  1. Review Question 1 • How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 4 monomers long? 3

  2. Review Question 2 • After you eat a slice of apple, which reactions must occur for the amino acid monomers in the protein of the apple to be converted into proteins in your body? Amino acids are incorporated into proteins in your body by dehydration reactions

  3. CARBOHYDRATES

  4. Carbohydrates • Serve as fuel and building material • Include both sugars and their polymers (starch, cellulose, etc.)

  5. Sugars • Monosaccharides • Are the simplest sugars • Contain a single chain of carbon atoms with hydroxyl groups • They also contain carbonyl (aldehyde or keytone) groups • Can be combined into polymers

  6. Triose sugars(C3H6O3) Pentose sugars(C5H10O5) Hexose sugars(C6H12O6) H H H H O O O O C C C C H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH HO C H HO C H Aldoses H H C OH H C OH HO C H H C OH H C OH H C OH Glyceraldehyde H C OH H C OH H Ribose H H Glucose Galactose H H H H C OH H C OH H C OH C O C O C O HO C H H C OH H C OH Ketoses H C OH H C OH H Dihydroxyacetone H C OH H C OH H C OH H Ribulose H Figure 5.3 Fructose • Examples of monosaccharides

  7. O H 1 C 6CH2OH 6CH2OH 2 CH2OH H C OH 5C H 5C O O 6 3 H O H H H H H 5 HO C H HOH H HOH 4 4C 1 C 1C 4C 4 1 OH H H H C OH O HO OH 3 2 OH OH 5 OH 2 C C 3 C 2C 3 OH H C H OH 6 H H OH OH H C OH H Figure 5.4 (a) Linear and ring forms. Chemical equilibrium between the linear and ring structures greatly favors the formation of rings. To form the glucose ring, carbon 1 bonds to the oxygen attached to carbon 5. • Monosaccharides • May be linear • Can form rings

  8. α glucose vs. β glucose

  9. Oligosaccharides – contain two or three monosaccarides attached by covalent bonds called glycosidic linkages • Disaccharides • Consist of two monosaccharides • Are joined by a single glycosidic linkage

  10. (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose. The bonding of two glucose units forms maltose. The glycosidic link joins the number 1 carbon of one glucose to the number 4 carbon of the second glucose. Joining the glucose monomers in a different way would result in a different disaccharide. CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH O O O O H H H H H H H H HOH HOH 1–4glycosidiclinkage HOH HOH 4 1 H H H H OH OH O H OH HO HO OH O H H H H OH OH OH OH H2O Glucose Maltose Glucose CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH O O O O H H H 1–2glycosidiclinkage H H HOH HOH H 2 1 H OH H HO H HO H Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose. Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose.Notice that fructose,though a hexose like glucose, forms a five-sided ring. (b) HO H O O HO CH2OH CH2OH OH H OH H H H OH OH H2O Glucose Sucrose Fructose Figure 5.5

  11. Polysaccharides • Polysaccharides • Are polymers of sugars with several hundred to several thousand monosaccharide subunits held together by glycosidic linkages • Serve many roles in organisms

  12. Chloroplast Starch 1 m Amylose Amylopectin (a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide Figure 5.6 Storage Polysaccharides • Starch • Is a polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers • Is the major storage form of glucose in plants

  13. Two types of Starch • Amylose • Straight chain polymer of α (alpha) glucose • Has 1-4 glycosidic linkages • Amylopectin • Branched chains of αglucose and β glucose • Has 1-4 glycosidic linkages in the main chains and 1-6 glycosidic linkages at the branch points

  14. Glucose Storage in Animals • Glycogen • Consists of glucose monomers • Similar to Amylopectin (has 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic linkages), but there are more branches in glycogen • Stored in muscle and liver

  15. Giycogen granules Mitochondria 0.5 m Glycogen Figure 5.6 (b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide

  16. Structural Polysaccharides • Cellulose • Is a polymer of glucose • Has different glycosidic linkages than starch • The main structural polysaccharide in plants and plant cell walls

  17. H O CH2OH C CH2OH OH OH H C H O O H H H H HO OH OH C H 4 4 1 H H HO OH HO OH H H C OH OH H OH H C H OH  glucose C  glucose H (a)  and  glucose ring structures CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH O O O O OH OH OH OH 1 4 4 4 1 1 1 HO O O O O OH OH OH OH (b) Starch: 1– 4 linkage of  glucose monomers OH CH2OH OH CH2OH O O OH OH O O OH OH HO OH 4 O 1 O O CH2OH CH2OH OH OH (c) Cellulose: 1– 4 linkage of  glucose monomers Figure 5.7 A–C • Cellulose is a straight chain polymer of β glucose with 1-4 glycosidic linkages

  18. About 80 cellulose molecules associate to form a microfibril, the main architectural unit of the plant cell wall. Cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall Microfibril Cell walls  0.5 m Plant cells OH OH CH2OH CH2OH O O O O OH OH OH OH O O O O O OH CH2OH OH CH2OH Cellulose molecules CH2OH OH CH2OH OH O O O O OH OH OH OH Parallel cellulose molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups attached to carbon atoms 3 and 6. O O O O O OH CH2OH OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH OH OH O O O O OH OH OH OH O O O A cellulose molecule is an unbranched  glucose polymer. O O OH CH2OH OH CH2OH Figure 5.8 • Glucose monomer • Unlike amylose and amylopectin (starches), cellulose molecules are neither coiled nor branched

  19. Figure 5.9 • Cellulose is difficult to digest • However, it does contribute to “roughage” in the diet  fibre • Cows have microbes in their stomachs to facilitate this process

  20. CH2OH O OH H H OH H H H NH O C CH3 OH (b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. This cicada is molting, shedding its old exoskeleton and emerging in adult form. (c) Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical thread that decomposes after the wound or incision heals. (a) The structure of the chitin monomer. Figure 5.10 A–C • Chitin, another important structural polysaccharide • Is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods • Can be used as surgical thread • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yTe9ypV0Qo • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fy12sppepRQ&feature=related

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