The “New” Imperialism

1. The “New” Imperialism 1878 - 1914

2. Is the “New” Imperialism New? • Not new – U.S. continually expanding • New in two senses: • Non-contiguous expansion • Colonization, not usurpation • Tied to economic expansion • U.S. exports increase from $234 million in 1865 to $1.5 billion in 1900, 2.5 billion in 1914 • Particularly in Latin America: by 1914, . . . • U.S. exported $300 million worth of goods to region • U.S. investments in region totaled $1.26 billion

3. Growth of Exports, 1875-1915

4. U.S. Intervention in the Caribbean

5. American Exceptionalism • Rev. Josiah Strong (Our Country, 1885): • U.S. chosen by God to uplift the world • “As America goes, so goes the world” • Continued belief in “Manifest Destiny” – new frontier was overseas • Missionaries spread both Christianity & American culture as package deal • Undergirded by racist belief in “White Man’s Burden”

6. U.S. Imperial Expansion • Alaska purchased from Russia in 1867 • U.S. divided Samoa with British & Germans in 1889; annexed 1899 • Sanford Dole led revolution in Hawaii in 1893; annexed in 1898

7. The Road to War with Spain • José Martí collected money, men & arms in U.S. to start 1895 revolt • Americans appalled by Gen. Weyler’s brutality & “reconcentration policy” • William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal published sensational stories, but only inflamed existing passions • De Lôme Letter (pub. Feb. 9, 1898) called Pres. McKinley “weak” • U.S.S. Maine exploded & sank in Havana Feb. 15, 1898, killing 266 of 354 American sailors

8. U.S.S. Maine U.S.S. Maine The wreckage of the Maine

9. McKinley Forces the Issue • McKinley sent ultimatum to Spain • Demanded end to hostilities & reconcentration • Insisted U.S. mediate a settlement • Rejected by Spain April 10 • April 19: Congress passed joint resolution to force resolution • Teller Amendment disavowed annexation • April 22: U.S. Navy began blockade of Cuba • April 24: Spain declared war on U.S. Pres. William McKinley

10. The Caribbean Theater • June 22 – siege of Santiago began • July 1 – Battle of San Juan & Kettle Hills • July 13 – Santiago surrendered • Puerto Rico captured without a fight • Aug. 12 – armistice signed

11. The Philippines Theater • May 1 - George Dewey’s fleet defeats the Spanish in Manila Bay • Dewey joined forces with rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo • Aug. 13 – Manila surrendered

12. Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders

13. Battle of Kettle Hill

14. Effects of Imperialism - Caribbean • Treaty of Paris (Dec. 1898; ratified Feb. 1899): • U.S. got Philippines, Guam & Puerto Rico • Spain got $20 million • Cuba granted independence (became U.S. protectorate) • Platt Amendment gave U.S. control over Cuba’s foreign policy & right of intervention • Foraker Act (1900) denied U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans (got it in 1917) • Insular Cases – Supreme Court ruled Constitution doesn’t follow the flag

15. Effects of Imperialism - Asia • Dewey denied promising Aguinaldo independence • Guerilla war vs. Aguinaldo’s rebels in the Philippines, 1899-1902 • 200,000 Filipinos killed • 5,000 Americans killed • U.S. soon realized difficulty of defending islands against Japanese aggression, so cut deals: • Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905): U.S. recognized Japan’s conquest of Korea • Root-Takahira Agreement (1907): U.S. recognized Japanese control of Manchuria Emilio Aguinaldo George Dewey

16. Anti-Imperialist Sentiment

17. Anti-Imperialist Sentiment

18. Anti-Imperialist Sentiment

19. The Panama Canal • Hay-Paunceforte Treaty (1901): Britain allowed U.S. to build canal by itself • 1903 treaty paying Colombia $10 million and $250 thousand a year in rent rejected by Colombian Senate • Philippe Bunau-Varilla staged revolt in Panama with U.S. help • Canal completed in 1914 • U.S. ruled Canal Zone

20. Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy