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Diploma in International Shipping & Logistics

General Ship Knowledge Unit 3: Ship Types ML 301.1(3.0). Diploma in International Shipping & Logistics. Lessons in Unit 3 – Ship Types. Lesson 1: Bulk Carriers and Tankers Lesson 2: General Cargo, Container and Ro/Ro vessels.

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Diploma in International Shipping & Logistics

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  1. General Ship Knowledge Unit 3: Ship Types ML 301.1(3.0) Diploma in International Shipping & Logistics Devron S. Newman - GSK

  2. Lessons in Unit 3 – Ship Types Lesson 1: Bulk Carriers and Tankers Lesson 2: General Cargo, Container and Ro/Ro vessels. Lesson 3: Specialized vessels (lumber ships; passenger ships; reefers and car carriers) Devron S. Newman - GSK

  3. M/V Charles Martin; built 1983; DWT 37,604;tons GT 24,877 tons Devron S. Newman - GSK

  4. Lesson 1: Bulk Carriers and Tankers Bulk carriers are single deck vessels and generally have 5 to 9 hatches equipped with sliding hatch covers. They have double bottom tanks with the tank top rising outwards to the ship’s side to form hoppers. Wing tanks are provided on either side which are used as ballast tanks as well as for loading grain cargo sometimes. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  5. Lesson 1: Bulk Carriers and Tankers One or two holds may be designated as ballast holds to carry water ballast if required for stability purposes in rough weather. The machinery spaces and accommodation are aft and the cargo space configuration depending on the types of cargoes; for example iron ore carriers have different hold and ballast tanks configuration. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  6. M/V “Berge Stahl”Transports iron ore from Brazil to Rotterdam.Length 343m; Beam 63m; Draft 25mDWT 365,000 tonsTakes 4 to 5 days for unloading Devron S. Newman - GSK

  7. Deep Sea Bulk Carrier - gearless Devron S. Newman - GSK

  8. Geared bulk carrier Devron S. Newman - GSK

  9. Loading/Discharging Dry Bulk Cargo Devron S. Newman - GSK

  10. A large bulker in the seaway Devron S. Newman - GSK

  11. Hatch covers and cranes in secured position Devron S. Newman - GSK

  12. Lesson 1: Bulk Carriers and Tankers • Bulk carriers normally carry single commodity for the single shipper at prevailing freight rates agreed between the owner and the shipper. On long hauls there is considerable reduction in the per ton-mile cost of transportation. • Bulk carriers today typically range from 20,000 to 300,000 tonnes deadweight with speeds from 13 to 16 knots. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  13. Lesson 1: Bulk Carriers and Tankers For commercial purposes the bulk carriers have been categorized as: VLBC above 200,000DWT Cape size 130,000 – 150,000DWT Panamax 75,000 – 80,000DWT Handymax 30,000 – 47,000DWT Handy size 20,000 – 30,000DWT Devron S. Newman - GSK

  14. Bulker M/V SelendangAyu Devron S. Newman - GSK

  15. Lesson 1: Bulk Carriers and Tankers Tankers: Vessels carrying liquid cargoes in bulk are termed as tankers. They carry dirty oil (crude), clean oils (refined petroleum products); chemicals; liquefied gases. Tankers have long hulls with small freeboard. These ships have single bottom under the cargo tanks and the engine room is aft of the cargo tanks. The cargo space is divided into tanks with transverse and longitudinal bulkheads. The longitudinal bulkhead safeguard against free surface effect and sloshing. Cargo tanks are separated by cofferdams to prevent leakage into water tanks and machinery space. Because of the fire hazard associated with oils and its vapour, effective separation from the accommodation and machinery space is of paramount importance. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  16. Jahre Viking – world’s largest ship ULCC1504 ft long; 226 ft. wide Devron S. Newman - GSK

  17. Crude Oil Tanker Devron S. Newman - GSK

  18. Profile of a Crude Oil carrier Devron S. Newman - GSK

  19. A section of the tank arrangement Devron S. Newman - GSK

  20. Lesson 1: Bulk Carriers and Tankers • The aft cofferdam is used as the pump room which has pumps for discharge and transfer of cargo. For commercial purposes tankers have been categorized as: • ULCC > 400,000DWT • VLCC 200,000 – 400,000DWT • Suezmax up to 145,000 DWT • Medium range 45,000 – 70,000DWT • General purpose up to 30,000DWT Devron S. Newman - GSK

  21. Lesson 1: Bulk Carriers and Tankers • The biggest hazard associated with tankers is that of fire and explosion. • Product tankers: These are used for transporting refined oil products. They range from about 40,000 – 50,000DWT and more than one type of product can be carried simultaneously. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  22. Crude Oil Tanker Devron S. Newman - GSK

  23. Gas Carriers • Gas carriers range in capacity from the small pressurised tankers of between 500 and 6,000 m3 for shipment of propane, butane and the chemical gases at ambient temperature up to the fully insulated or refrigerated seagoing tankers of over 100,000 m3 capacity for the transport of LNG and LPG. Between those two distinct types is a third tanker type – semi pressurised gas carrier. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  24. LNG Carrier Devron S. Newman - GSK

  25. Profiles Devron S. Newman - GSK

  26. Gas carriers • A nominal 3/8-in.-thick primary membrane fabricated of stainless steel or Invar. Note that the latter, an alloy containing 36% nickel and 64% iron, has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion.  • A nominal 3/8-in.-thick secondary membrane of alloy steel separated from the primary membrane by about a foot of perlite insulation. Perlite is a naturally occurring, lightweight volcanic glass.  • Another foot or so of perlite separates the secondary membrane from the nominal 1-in.-thick inner hull. • The outer hull (1 to 1½ in. steel plate) forms a ballast tank with the inner hull. The inner and outer hulls are separated by a distance of about 8 to 10 ft. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  27. Gas Carriers • These very flexible tankers are able to carry many cargoes in a fully refrigerated condition at atmospheric pressure or at temperatures corresponding to carriage pressure of between five and nine bar. The movement of liquefied gases by waterways is now a mature industry, served by a fleet of many tankers, a network of export and import terminals and a wealth of knowledge and experience on the part of various people involved. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  28. Gas Carriers • A feature almost unique to the gas carrier is that the cargo is kept under positive pressure to prevent air entering the cargo system. This means that only cargo liquid and cargo vapour are present in the cargo tank and flammable atmospheres cannot develop.Furthermore all gas carriers utilise closed cargo systems when loading or discharging, with no venting of vapour being allowed to the atmosphere. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  29. Boil Off Gas Neither type of storage system is fully effective and, the gas cargo boils off at the rate of around 0.15 per cent per day. Ordinarily this would be considered a negative factor, but for the fact that most LNG ships are designed to make use of this tendency and are equipped with gas turbine engines that are mostly fuelled by the Boil Off Gas (BOG). For this reason LNG carriers only need to take on bunkers for auxiliary engines and for running the boilers for the turbines in port. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  30. Cross Sectional Diagram Devron S. Newman - GSK

  31. Gas carriers • In the LNG trade, provision is always made for the use of a vapour return line between tanker and shore to pass vapour displaced by the cargo transfer. In the LPG trade this is not always the case as, under normal circumstances during loading, reliquefaction is used to retain vapour on board. By these means cargo release to the atmosphere is virtually eliminated and the risk of vapour ignition is minimised. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  32. Gas carriers • Gas carriers are divided into two main groups.Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Carriers, which are designed to carry mainly butane, propane, butadiene, propylene, vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) and are able to carry anhydrous ammonia.Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Carriers, which are designed to carry liquefied natural gas (which is mostly methane). Devron S. Newman - GSK

  33. Gas Carriers • Gas carriers are classed in three types based on hazard potential:i) type 1G, designed to carry the most hazardous cargoesii) type 2G , designed to carry cargoes having a lesser degree of hazardiii) type 3G, designed to carry cargoes of the least hazardous nature. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  34. Gas Carriers • Gas carrier typesAll gas cargoes are transported in liquid form and, because of their physical and chemical properties, they are carried either at:- pressures greater than atmospheric, or at- temperatures below ambient, or a combination of both.Therefore, gas carriers are generally grouped as follows:i) Fully Pressurisedii) semi-pressurised and refrigeratediii) fully refrigerated Devron S. Newman - GSK

  35. Gas carriers • LNG is mainly methane and ethane. LNG ships carry their cargo at -161°C, at a relative density of approximately 0.600 with a volume contraction ratio of 1 in 600. LNG cargo is carried at ambient pressure.LPG is mainly propane and butane. LPG ships carry their cargo at -42°C, at a relative density of approximately 0.500 with a volume contraction ratio of 1 in 300. LPG cargo may be carried under pressure. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  36. Gas Carriers • The cargo tank construction of LNG and LPG ships can be of (a) prismatic design (b) membrane design or (c) spherical design. Materials used for these cargo tanks can be aluminium, balsa wood, plywood, invar or nickel steel, stainless steel, with pearlite and polyurethane foam.Because of the demand for insulation at these extremely low cargo temperatures, the first cost of these specialised ships are extremely high. A very high standard of workmanship is required for the building of these types of vessel. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  37. Gas carriers • Their capacity ranges from 75000 to 138000m3 of gas, their LBPs up to 280 m and their Br. Mld from 25 to 46 m. When fully loaded, their CB can be 0.660 up to 0.680 with service speed in the range of 16–20.75 kt. They are fine-form vessels . Gas carriers must comply with the standards set by the Gas Codes or national rules, and with all safety and pollution requirements common to other tankers. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  38. Gas carriers • Safety features inherent in the tanker design requirements have helped in the safety of these tankers. Equipment requirements for gas carriers include temp and pressure monitoring, gas detection and cargo tank liquid level indicators, all of which are provided with alarms and ancillary instrumentation. The variation of equipment as fitted can make the gas carrier one of the most sophisticated tankers afloat today. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  39. Gas carriers • There is much variation in the design, construction and operation of gas carriers due to the variety of cargoes carried and the number of cargo containment systems utilized. Cargo containment systems may be of the independent tanks (pressurized, semi-pressurized or fully refrigerated) or of the membrane type. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  40. Lesson 1: Bulk Carriers and Tankers Gas carriers (LNG & LPG carriers) These vessels carry gases that are liquefied. The volume after liquefaction could be as much as 600 times less than in the gaseous state. Liquefaction can be achieved by increasing pressure or reducing the temperature or a combination of both. LPG consisting mainly of propane, butane, propylene, butylene was carried in pressurized vessels prior to 1959. Present day vessels carry the gas at a temperature of -50° C. The tanks are cylindrical, placed horizontally or of prismatic construction with insulation sprayed on the inner hull. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  41. Pressurised LPG Carrier Devron S. Newman - GSK

  42. LPG Carrier “Ocean Primus” Devron S. Newman - GSK

  43. Lesson 1: Bulk Carriers and Tankers • Natural gas has a much lower critical temperature and much higher critical pressure. The LNG is therefore carried at a temperature below -160° C. The tanks are either spherical free-standing with domes visible from the deck. The very low temperature of the LNG poses a problem of brittle fracture. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  44. LNG Carrier Devron S. Newman - GSK

  45. Picture of a LNG Carrier Devron S. Newman - GSK

  46. Cross–section of a LNG Carrier with Membrane Tank Devron S. Newman - GSK

  47. Lesson 1: Bulk Carriers and Tankers Chemical carriers: These purpose-built tankers were constructed from about 1954. Chemicals carried in bulk are either derivatives of crude oil, coal tar, vegetable oils and fats or are heavy chemicals like sulphuric, nitric, phosphoric acids and caustic soda. The problems associated with the carriage of chemicals are pollution and safety hazards. The operation and construction of these vessels are governed by the Bulk Chemical (BCH) Code. Devron S. Newman - GSK

  48. Chemical Tankers Devron S. Newman - GSK

  49. View of pipelines on deck Devron S. Newman - GSK

  50. Lesson 2: General Cargo, Container and Ro/Ro Vessels • General cargo vessels carry cargoes of finished products, raw material, construction material, chemicals in packaged form, heavy machinery items etc. These vessels fall into two categories – liner and tramp. These terms are associated with the trade rather than the actual vessel type. Their sizes range from 10,000 – 20,000DWT and normally operate at speeds of 15 – 20 knots. They have double bottom tanks that are used for storage of fuel carriage of ballast water. Devron S. Newman - GSK

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