Roman Art and Architecture!

1. Roman Art and Architecture!

2. The exam for this topic • You will be given 3 photographs from the works studied, and a set of questions on each. • You must answer on 2 out of the 3 photos

3. Introduction • The unit will be broken up into the following subtopics: • Portraiture – patrician carrying busts, bust of commodus, philip the arabian • Religious Architecture – maison caree, temple of bacchus at baalbek, ara pacis, pantheon • Relief Sculptures – arch of titus, arch of constantine, trajan’s column • Functional – colosseum, hadrian’s baths, hadrian’s villa at Tivoli, theatre at lepcis magna, pont du gard • Mosaics - hadrians

4. Introduction • ‘Art and Architecture’ is a description for the range of material culture that comes from ancient Rome. • This topic looks at the art and architecture produced in the Roman Empire from the reign of Augustus (30BC-AD14) to Constantine (AD 306-337)

5. But first...a list of Emperors Trajanic Dynasty • Nerva AD96-98 • Trajan AD98-117 • Hadrian AD117-138 Antonine Dynasty • Antoninus Pius AD138-161 • Marcus Aurelius AD161- 180 • Lucis Verus AD161-169 • Commodus AD177-192 Severan dynasty • (11 emperors) Emperors during the height of crisis AD 235-268 • Philip the Arabian • Many others (constant change) • Constantine AD 337-307 Julio-Claudian dynasty • Augustus 27BC- AD14 • Tiberius AD14 - 37 • Caligula AD37 – 41 • Claudius AD 41- 54 • Nero AD54- 68 Year of 4 emperors (AD 68 –AD69) • Galba • Otho • Vitellius Flavian Dynasty • Vespasian AD69-79 • Titus AD79-81 • Domitian AD 81-96

6. Roman History • The Regal Age: ca. 779-509 B.C. • The Republic: 509-27 B.C. • The Empire: 27 B.C.-1453 A.D. • Early Empire: 27 B.C.-325 A.D. • Later Empire: 325 A.D.-1453 A.D.

7. END OF THE REPUBLIC • The Victory of Caesar’s grandnephew, Octavian, over Marc Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC brought the end of the Roman Republic • The last civil war of the period • Octavian (now calling himself Augustus) created an imperial monarchy to take place of the Republic

8. JULIO-CLAUDIANS Tiberius Claudius Gaius (Caligula) Nero

9. YEAR OF THE FOUR EMPERORS Galba Otho Vespasian Vitellius

10. FLAVIANS Domitian Titus Vespasian

11. Trajan Nerva Hadrian TRJANIC

12. ANTONINES Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Commodus

13. START OF THE SEVERAN DYNASTY Pertinax Septimius Severus

14. Some questions to get you thinking • Do you know what your great grandparents look like? • How do you know this? • Are these images displayed in a special place? • What are some of the benefits to knowing what your ancestors looked like? • What did Ancient Romans do to remember their ancestors when they didn’t have photographs?

15. Artwork # 1 Subtopic: Portraiture Patrician Carrying Busts

16. Patrician busts Write this on page 8 of your workbook under ‘Explain the importance of wax masks in Roman society’ • When people died, It was custom to have wax masks of the dead made to use in funeral procession. This commemorated the dead. • Bronze or marble copies of the death mask were made to be displayed at home. (Only Patrician families could afford this images of their ancestors – this was called the ius imaginum)

18. To ensure that I remember what he looks like I’ll have a wax mask made of his face. And in keeping with tradition I’ll wear that wax mask in the funeral procession to show everyone his face.

19. This bust Is great. I will put this in my living room So I can show my father off in my living room at home and remember him

20. What Patrician’s houses look like – busts of their family on display

21. Fantastic! Both my grandfathers’ bust And my father’s bust are on display in my house. I think I’ll have a bronze portrait done of me with my ancestors as I’m so proud.

22. Write this on p.8 of workbook under ‘Explain the importance of wax masks in Roman society’: At the next family Funeral. This man Would carry the busts of his Father and Grandfather in procession To show how similar they look to him and to show the ancestors of the person who just died and to show that this man has been a patrician for 3 generations now. The more busts you had meant you were more wealthy and members of your family had been patricians for a long time. (A long pedigree) Sculptor! Oh Sculptor!Please come and Sculpt a bronze Image of me With my dad and Grandad. I want People to see how Proud I am of them I want a copy of Me with them for My house! I’m ready!

23. That is a fantastic bronze Sculpture! Look how shiny It is. Let’s get a copy Of it in marble for our house!

24. Oh no! The Patrician’s head Has fallen off! Let’s find A replacement head from the Same era…..

25. A marble sculpture The 2 ‘busts’ here in marble are originals. But the head of the Patrician is a marble Replacement from a different statue. This whole statue is a copy of the bronze original Originally, The Patrician was an Actual person and the busts He was holding were wax.

26. What style would you say these faces are? • Are they flashy or serious? • Are they looking old or Young and attractive? • What kinds of lives would they have had? • What do these faces say about these people? • If you had a portrait done of you to be remembered and looked at forever how would you want it to look? Realistic or glamourous?

27. Terms • Patrician = The wealthy upper class people of Rome. Fill this in on p. 8 of workbook • Workbook p.5: The wax images of the deceased were done in veristic style (a realistic depiction of an individual’s face, and showed the qualities of wisdom and experience, particularly on middle aged males, a ‘warts and all’ approach) and showed the family likeness. It also showed that the people were old, experienced, authorative, hard workers who gave a lot in their life.

28. Patrician Carrying busts p.5 workbook Leave the other questions for revision. Just answer this one by reading the information…. What does the word verism mean? See p. 11 of your workbook

29. Patrician carrying busts p. 6 workbook Treasure hunt! Find the information!! • See p. 6 Paul Artus • See p. 7 Paul Artus • See p. 6 Paul Artus bottom left & right • 1=Wrinkles and creases shown in brow, corner of eyes & side of mouth 2=attention to bone structure. Skin stretches over the face 3=bags under eyes, balding head, sunken cheeks and large nose • See p. 7 Paul Artus • See bottom of p.6 Paul Artus • See bottom of p.6 Paul Artus • See top left of p.6 Paul Artus • See Paul artus p. 6 up the very top • See p.7 Paul Artus at top left

30. Patrician carrying busts p. 7 workbook Date: Made of: Marble Height: (top of p.7 Paul Artus) The Busts are intended copies of bronzeoriginals It is done in the _____ style (See p. 6 Paul Artus) What is odd about the head? (See top left of p.7 Paul Artus)

31. Patrician carrying busts p. 7 workbook continued • What is the carrier wearing? See Paul Artus top left corner p. 7 • What is the occasion? It is the funeral of someone and he is carrying them in procession • What is the significance of carrying the busts? • Who would carry busts like this? • How did these heads differ in style from Greek busts? Greek busts were idealised not veristic • Why did the Romans want this style? • Why were copies of busts like this made? • What method was used to copy such busts easily? Wax was put over the deceased face to get the shape and detail

32. Complete questions in Your paul artus book For homework