Introduction into Cell Biology

1. Introduction into Cell Biology What is Life? What is a cell?

2. Intro into Cell Biology -> All living organisms are made out of cells -> Cells are the smallest living unit Human egg cell + sperm

3. Single cell organisms – Multi cell organisms -> Single cell organisms -> Microorganisms Intro into Cell Biology Yeast - Fungi Bacteria Archea

4. Single cell organisms – Multi cell organisms -> multi cell organisms -> higher degree or organization of cells within the organism -> specialization of cells Intro into Cell Biology Human red blood cells Human skin cells Plant cells

5. Size of the cells Intro into Cell Biology

6. Evolutionary time line Intro into Cell Biology

7. Classification of Cells Intro into Cell Biology

8. Two cell types - The Three Domain System Intro into Cell Biology Prokaryotes

9. Cell Types Intro into Cell Biology

10. Prokaryotes – Domain Bacteria Intro into Cell Biology -> Single cell organisms -> No nucleus, no compartments -> Peptidoglycan cell walls -> Binary fission -> For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis

11. Prokaryotes – Domain Archea Intro into Cell Biology -> Lack peptidoglycan -> Live in extreme environments Include: Methanogens Extreme halophiles Extreme thermophiles -> Role in disease not well understood—this group has only recently been discovered Thermophiles growing in Yellowstone hot springs.

12. Life on Mars? Magnified view of objects in Martian meteorite found in Antarctica. (Archaeobacteria like?) Intro into Cell Biology

13. Domain Eukaryotes -> Plantae multicellular plants, cellulose cell wall, photosynthesis -> Fungi Chitin cell walls Use organic chemicals for energy Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae -> Protists Protozoa, motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella Algae, photosynthetic -> Animalia Multicellular animals, Parasitic flatworms and round worms are called helminthes. Microscopic stages in life cycles Intro into Cell Biology

14. Intro into Cell Biology Fungi Slime mold Yeast

15. Fungi

16. Intro into Cell Biology Protozoa Amoeba Euglena Paramecium

17. Intro into Cell Biology Protozoa - Algae

18. Viruses -> are NO living organisms -> parasites Intro into Cell Biology -> Consist of DNA or RNA core -> Core is surrounded by a protein coat -> Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope -> Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell -> Not cellular

19. Cell growth -> cell division Cell death -> apoptosis Intro into Cell Biology

20. Cell Movement -> Motility -> Flagellum Intro into Cell Biology Pseudomonas (3,300X) Salmonella (1200X)

21. Cell Movement -> Motility -> Flagellum Intro into Cell Biology

22. Microorganisms are important for Food production Intro into Cell Biology

23. Microbes at Work • 1. Agriculture- used to control crop insects. • 2. Bioremediation- a field of environmental biotechnology where bacteria are used to clean up toxic wastes. Ex. Oil spills. • 3. Pharmacology- developing anti-microbics (antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic substances) to destroy pathogens. • 4. Vaccines- developing weakened strains of pathogenic bacteria or viruses in order to protect (immunize) against infection. • 5. Snow for ski resorts (artificial) Intro into Cell Biology

24. Microbes at Work Intro into Cell Biology • clean up of Oil spills.

25. Microbes at Work Intro into Cell Biology • 6. Forensics- analyzing DNA left as evidence in criminal investigations (PCR test). • 7. Genetic engineering- transfer of genes (DNA) from one organism to another • 8. Bioinformatics- the application of computer information science to complex biological problems (genomics, proteomics, glycomics)

26. Medical Microbiologi – Infectious diseases Intro into Cell Biology Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseases. 10 B new infections/year worldwide 13 M deaths from infections/year worldwide

27. Medical Microbiologi – Infectious diseases Intro into Cell Biology

28. Medical Microbiologi – Infectious diseases Intro into Cell Biology

29. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) • Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage • Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms • Developed pasteurization • Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease • Developed a rabies vaccine Insert figure 1.11

30. Robert Koch (1843-1910) • Established Koch’s postulates - a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory • Identified cause of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), Tuberculosis (Mycobacteria tuberculosis), and cholera (Vibrio cholerae) • Developed pure culture methods Insert figure 1.12

31. Intro into Cell Biology

32. BACTERIAL PATHOGENS Intro into Cell Biology

33. BACTERIAL PATHOGENS Neisseria meningitis Yersinia pestis Intro into Cell Biology B. burgdorferi Borrellia -> Lyme disease

34. BACTERIAL PATHOGENS Intro into Cell Biology Clostridium botulinum. CDC. C. tetani -> tetanus Bacillus anthracis Corynebacterium diphtheriae Staphylococcus aureus

35. BACTERIAL PATHOGENS Intro into Cell Biology -> Typhus

36. BACTERIAL PATHOGENS Mycoplasma “fungus-form” Intro into Cell Biology • -> pneumonia • The smallest bacteria - 0.2 micrometers -> Pneumonia, Blindness

37. VIRAL PATHOGENS HIV Intro into Cell Biology Ebola Smallpox Rabies virus

38. EUKARYOTIC PATHOGENS Intro into Cell Biology Giardia lamblia –> chronic diarrhea Plasmodium vivax -> Malaria Trichomonas vaginalis – vaginosis in females and urethritis in males.

39. Fig. 1.3. Emerging infectious diseases

40. Cyanobacteria Intro into Cell Biology Cyanobacteria bloom • Photosynthetic, formerly “blue-green algae”. • 2 H2O + CO2 + sunlight  CH2O + H2O + O2 • Formed O2 in the earth’s atmosphere. • Important nitrogen-fixers.