Lesson 6-X: Student Drug Testing

1. Lesson 6-X:Student Drug Testing

2. Total Risk ½ Way to the Wall W A L L Drug-Free America Unaddressed Risk

3. ½ Way to the Wall Total Risk W A L L Drug-Free America Unaddressed Risk

4. ½ Way ½ Way to the Wall Total Risk W A L L Drug-Free America Unaddressed Risk

5. ½ Way ½ Way to the Wall Total Risk W A L L Drug-Free America Unaddressed Risk

6. ½ Way ½ Way to the Wall Total Risk W A L L Drug-Free America Unaddressed Risk

7. ½ Way ½ Way to the Wall Total Risk W A L L Drug-Free America Unaddressed Risk

8. ½ Way to the Wall Total Risk W A L L Drug-Free America ½ Way Unaddressed Risk

10. Should high school students be drug tested? Zero-Tolerance Policies • Metal Detectors • Closed Circuit Cameras • Sniff Dogs • Drug Testing

11. Should high school students be drug tested?

12. Should high school students be drug tested? Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton

13. Should high school students be drug tested? Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton I also authorize the Vernonia School District to have a representative run a urine test for drugs / alcohol and to release the information regarding the results to the Vernonia School District as deemed necessary. Section of letter sent to James Acton and his parents seeking authorization to drug test

14. Should high school students be drug tested? Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton Dear Mr. and Mrs. Acton: District Policy JFCI requires the parent and / or guardian and the student athlete to sign a written consent for drug testing prior to participating in the athletic program. Since you are not willing to sign the required consent, your son James will not be permitted to participate in the District’s athletic program. However, should you change your mind and permit James to be tested, he will be allowed to participate. Section of letter sent to Mr. & Mrs. Acton warning that James would not be allowed to play sports if he did not undergo a test.

15. Should high school students be drug tested? Fourth Amendment Legitimate government interest Privacy

16. Should high school students be drug tested? Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton Suspicionless Searches & Seizures to Conduct Drug Testing 1. Students have low expectations of privacy 2. Testing program was designed to be unobtrusive 3. Served school district’s interest in combating drug abuse

17. Should high school students be drug tested? Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton Blanket searches, because they involve thousands or millions of searches, pose a greater threat to liberty than do suspicion based ones, which affect one person at a time. …I dissent.” Justice Sandra Day O’Connor

19. Should high school students be drug tested? Earls v. Tecumseh School District  Lindsay Earls, now a Dartmouth College freshman, filed suit after her high school forced her to take a drug test before it would let her join the choir.

20. Should high school students be drug tested? Fourth Amendment Legitimate government interest Privacy

21. Should high school students be drug tested? “(W)e find that testing students who participate in extracurricular activities is a reasonably effective means of addressing the School District’s legitimate concerns in preventing, deterring, and detecting drug use.” Justice Clarence Thomas, June 27, 2002

22. Should high school students be drug tested?

23. Should high school students be drug tested?

24. Should high school students be drug tested? California State PTA National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health “School Connectedness” associated with lower health risk behaviors • In-school suspension • After-school interventions • Positive behavior mentoring • Student assistance & other programs that offer counseling & education “… rather than throwing students out of school for making bad decisions, let’s offer help, keep them busy, locate constructive punishment for rule breaking within the school context, and try to increase their connections to teachers, administrators, and other students.”

26. DZ E DZ DZ DZ E DZ Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Randomized Trail Random Assignment Non-Observational Study Time

27. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

28. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

29. D T D D D T D Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Randomized Trail Random Assignment Non-Observational Study Time

30. DZ E DZ DZ DZ E DZ Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Cohort Study Observational Study Time

31. D T D D D T D Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Cohort Study Observational Study Time

32. E E E DZ E Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Case-ControlStudy DZ Observational Study Time

33. T T T D T Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Case-ControlStudy D Observational Study Time

34. DZ DZ E E Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Cross-SectionalStudy Observational Study Time

35. D D T T Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Cross-SectionalStudy Observational Study Time

36. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

38. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? • What percentage of schools employs a drug testing policy? • Which students are tested for drugs in these schools? • On what bases are students tested for drugs in schools? • How do characteristics of school and its student body relate to drug testing? • What relationship exists between student drug use and school drug testing?

39. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Monitoring the Future Study Youth, Education, and Society Study

40. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

41. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Monitoring the Future Study Self-Administered Questionnaires • 30,000 8th grade students in 260 schools • 23,000 10th grade students in 227 high schools • 23,000 12th grade students in 235 schools

42. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Monitoring the Future Study 2 Subsets Male Athletes (3,000 male athletes in 303 high schools)

43. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

44. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Monitoring the Future Study 2 Subsets Male Athletes (3,000 male athletes in 303 high schools) Experienced Marijuana Users (8,000 students in 331 high schools)

45. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

46. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Monitoring the Future Study Student Characteristics Shown to Have a Strong Relationship to Drug Use • Parental Educational Attainment (SES) • Religiosity • Truant Behavior • Grade Point Average • Evenings Out Per Week

47. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Youth, Education, and Society Study • School-Level Information • Mailed Survey • School Administrator • 82.6 % response rate In the school year, did your school test any students for illicit drug use?

48. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

49. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

50. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?