Oceans

1. Oceans Semester 1 A. Vincer

2. Canada has the longest coastline of any country. It is 56,453 miles long. What country has the longest coastline?

3. Which ocean is the deepest? • The Pacific Ocean has the greatest average depth of about 4282 meters.

4. What is the longest coral reef? • The Great Barrier Reef, along the continental shelf of northeastern Australia, is the longest coral reef measuring about 1,243 miles long.

5. Great Barrier Reef

6. Where is the deepest point on the ocean floor? • The Challenger Deep is the deepest point at 35,802 feet deep. It is located off the coast of Guam in the Marianas Trench.

8. 90% of all volcanic activity occurs in the oceans. • Each year, three times as much garbage is dumped into the world's oceans as the weight of fish caught. • A mouthful of seawater may contain millions of bacterial cells, hundreds of thousands of phytoplankton and tens of thousands of zooplankton. • The Blue whale is the largest animal on our planet ever (exceeding the size of the greatest known dinosaurs) and has a heart is the size of a Volkswagen.

9. Oceanography Four disciplines • Biological Oceanography- studies marine organisms, their interactions with environment and the controls on their distribution *In this unit, we will cover “Shark Week”! Copepod (zooplankton)

10. 2) Physical Oceanography- studies ocean currents, waves, tides and water circulation

11. 3) Chemical Oceanography- studies sea water chemistry

12. 4) Geological Oceanography- studies the shape and structure of the ocean basins and how they form and evolve

13. Where did the water come from? -Water vapor erupting from Volcanoes -10 million years of continuous rainfall. Ice from comets (still going on). - Ocean formed by 4 billion years ago, and is still growing (.01 km3 of water/yr.).

14. Ninety percent of all volcanic activity occurs in the oceans

15. Life originated in the Ocean • Earth had very dim light, keeping surface of oceans frozen to 300 m. • First self-sustaining molecules may have formed near hydrothermal vents.

17. Answers: 1) The oceans cover 71 percent of the Earth's surface and contain 97 percent of the Earth's water. Less than 1 percent is fresh water, and 2-3 percent is contained in glaciers and ice caps.

18. Hydrothermal Vents — Where it all Begins?Currently many scientists think that life may have begun on Earth in the vicinity of deep-oceanic, hydrothermal vents. This type of environment was anticipated by Charles Darwin, some 150 years before, who wrote:'But if we could conceive in some warm little pond, with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts, light, heat electricity etc, present' 2) Life originated in the ocean First discovered in 1977, oases of life that include giant, red-plumed tubeworms live on the Pacific Ocean floor near hydrothermal vents. This is deeper than where sunlight can penetrate to provide the energy needed for photosynthesis. At the base of the food chain are bacteria that nourish themselves through a process of chemosynthesis. Drawing their energy from gases dissolved in warm or hot springs, mainly hydrogen sulfide, they are able to manufacture sugars and starches from carbon dioxide and water.Photo courtesy The Stephen Low Company

19. 3) The ocean contains 97 percent of the Earth's water. 4) Ocean:The vast body of saline water that occupies the depressions of the earth’s surface 5)Water covers 361 million square kilometers

21. 6) Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, and Indian (although sometimes the Antarctic Ocean or the Southern Ocean is referred to - it's the ocean south of 50° South latitude, surrounding Antarctica).

22. 7) Canada has the longest coastline of any country, at 56,453 miles or around 15 percent of the world's 372,384 miles of coastlines

23. 8) Australia7687000 square km (is renowned for it’s poisonous sea creatures!)

24. Hapalochlaena lunulataBlue ringed octopus Box Jellyfish “Sea wasp” “Children who have been stung by the sea wasp have died within minutes of being stung”.

25. 9) Although Mount Everest, at 29,028 feet, is often called the tallest mountain on Earth, Mauna Kea, an inactive volcano on the island of Hawaii, is actually taller. Only 13,796 feet of Mauna Kea stands above sea level, yet it is 33,465 feet tall if measured from the ocean floor to its summit

26. 10)1,370,000,000 cubic km of ocean water 1 cubic m 1000m = 1km 1km 1km 1km

27. 11) The highest tides in the world are at the Bay of Fundy, which separates New Brunswick from Nova Scotia. At some times of the year the difference between high and low tide is 53 feet 6 inches, the equivalent of a three-story building

28. 12) At the deepest point in the ocean the pressure is more than 8 tons per square inch, or the equivalent of one person trying to support 50 jumbo jets. The Marianas Trench in the Pacific Ocean is 11,033 meters (36,201 feet) below sea level. If Mount Everest were placed inside of this trench, it would disappear

29. 13) At 4 degrees Celsius, the temperature of almost all of the deep ocean is only a few degrees above freezing.

30. 14) If mined, all the gold suspended in the world's seawater would give each person on Earth 20kg. Mr. T style bling!

31. 15) If the ocean's total salt content were dried, it would cover the continents to a depth of 1.5m.

33. Oceanography is the science of understanding the oceans, how they work, how they came into existence, how they affect our daily lives, the creatures that live in them, and how they may be impacted by changes caused by human influences