Chapter 8

1. Chapter 8 Alcohol and Nutrition © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

2. Ask Yourself • A 12-ounce beer, a 5-ounce glass of wine, and a 1-ounce shot of tequila all contain the same amount of alcohol. • The impact of alcohol on health depends partly on whether you’re a man or a woman. • Burnt toast is a good hangover remedy. • Alcohol is calorie-free. • Regular drinkers become more tolerant of the effects of alcohol, so they must drink more to feel the effects of alcohol. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

3. Ask Yourself • Reflexes are not impaired if your blood alcohol concentration is below the legal limit of intoxication. • It is safe for a pregnant woman to have one alcoholic beverage a day. • Drinking alcohol may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. • Moderate drinking can reduce the risk of heart disease. • Heavy drinking is defined as more than two drinks a day for women and more than four drinks a day for men. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

4. What Is Alcohol • A sedative and central nervous system depressant. • Supplies energy (7 calories/ gram). • A non-nutrient that is not stored in the body. Alcohol: a clear, colorless volatile liquid; the most commonly ingested form is ethyl alcohol or ethanol (EtOH). © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

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6. Absorption and Metabolism of Alcohol • Alcohol absorption involves the stomach and the small intestine. • Alcohol absorbed in the small intestine passes through the portal vein to the liver. • Alcohol dehydrogenase: a liver enzyme that mediates the metabolism of alcohol. • Acetaldehyde (ass-et-AL-duh-hide): a substance to which drinking alcohol (ethanol) is metabolized. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

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8. Absorption and Metabolism of Alcohol Influencing Factors: • Food • Presence of food in the stomach slows absorption. • Dietary fat delays emptying time of the stomach. • Gender • Men and women absorb and metabolize alcohol differently. • Women will absorb 30% more alcohol into the bloodstream. • Women are more susceptible to alcoholic liver disease, heart muscle damage and brain damage. • Ethnicity • Native Americans have higher rates of liver damage due to alcohol consumption. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

9. Women have a lower capacity to metabolize alcohol because: Body composition – have less water in their bodies Enzymes – alcohol dehydrogenase is $0% less active in women’s stomachs Hormones – alcohol can change estrogen levels, increasing breast cancer risk Absorption and Metabolism of Alcohol © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

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11. O.B.S.E.R.V.E. • On certain medications or have certain illnesses • Behind the wheel or engaged in tasks requiring full mental or physical functioning • Stressed out or tired • Either the son, daughter, or sibling of an alcoholic © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

12. O.B.S.E.R.V.E. • Recovering from alcohol abuse or drug dependency • Violating laws, policies, or values • Expecting, nursing, or considering pregnancy © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

13. Alcohol and Its Effects • Alcohol is distributed quickly and thoroughly in the body. • It can affect the central nervous system even in small concentrations. • Even small amounts in the blood can slow reactions. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

14. Alcohol and Its Effects • Alcohol is rightly termed an anesthetic because it puts brain centers to sleep in order: • Cortex • Emotion-governing centers • Centers that govern muscular control • Deep centers that control respiration and heartbeat © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

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17. Alcohol and Its Effects • Alcohol and Medications • Use of prescription or over-the-counter medications can increase the effects of alcohol. • Chronic, heavy drinking appears to activate an enzyme that may be responsible for changing the over-the-counter pain reliever acetaminophen and many others into chemicals that can produce liver damage, even when taken in recommended doses. • Alcohol and Sex Hormones • Alcohol alters the sex hormones in men and women. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

18. Alcohol and Its Effects • Alcohol and Urine Output: Alcohol blocks antidiuretic hormone (ADH) leading to water loss and eventual dehydration. • Alcohol and Hangovers: A group of ailments including headache, nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound, dry mouth and irritability. • Alcohol and Blood Alcohol Level (BAL): BAL indicates the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream. • BAL is affect by amount and speed at which alcohol is consumed. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

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21. Alcohol and Its Effects • Alcohol and Driving:Never drink and drive. • Even one drink can impair your response time. • In most states, the legal limit for driving is 0.08. • If this limit is exceeded, the drive could receive a DUI or DWI, which is a felony in some states. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

22. Alcohol and Its Effects • Alcohol and Tolerance: Continued exposure to alcohol causes increased tolerance. • Tolerance: decrease of effectiveness of drug after a period of prolonged or heavy use. • Metabolic tolerance: increased efficiency of removing high levels of alcohol from the blood due to long-term exposure leading to more drinking and possible addiction. • Functional tolerance:action change in sensitivity to a drug resulting in hallucinations and convulsions when alcohol is removed. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

23. Alcohol and Its Effects Alcohol and Tolerance (continued): • Alcohol abuse (problem drinker): a person who experiences psychological, social, family, employment, or school problems because of alcohol. Problem drinkers often binge drink and turn to alcohol when facing problems or making decisions. • Alcohol dependency (alcoholism):a dependency on alcohol marked by compulsive, uncontrollable drinking with negative effects on physical health, family relationships, and social health. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

24. Alcohol and Its Effects Impact of Alcohol on Nutrition • If you are in good health and otherwise well nourished, the occasional consumption of alcohol will probably have little effect on your nutritional status. • Alcohol and mixers can contribute additional calories which can cause unwanted weight gain. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

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26. Alcohol and Its Effects Impact of Alcohol on Nutrition • Excessive intake of alcohol on a regular basis will compromise your nutritional status. • Protein deficiency can develop: • Depression of protein synthesis in the cells. • Substituting alcohol for food, resulting in poor diet. • Stomach cells become inflamed and vulnerable to ulcer formation. • Intestinal cells fail to absorb vitamins. • Liver cells lose efficiency in activating vitamin D, and the production and excretion of bile is altered. • Lowered red blood cell formation due to acetaldehyde interfering with metabolism. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

27. Health Benefits of Alcohol • Drinking moderate amounts appears to be healthy for people who do not have problems with alcohol abuse or dependency. • People who consume one to two drinks daily have lower mortality rates than nondrinkers. • Like any other drug, there is a beneficial dose and a level (dose) that will cause harm. • Most research indicates wine consumption to be most beneficial; it appears that the benefits are from the alcohol itself. • The protective effect is the result of increased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. • It also inhibits blood from forming clots, reducing risk of death from heart attack. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

28. Health Risks of Alcohol • Moderate consumption is not risk free, especially for young adults. • Increased Accidents: falls, motor vehicle accidents, homicide, and victims of crime. • Drug Interactions: Drugs, like alcohol, are metabolized in the liver. • Drugs: substances that can modify one or more of the body’s functions. • Liver has limited processing capacity and drugs and alcohol will compete with each other. • Increased risk of medication side effects. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

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30. Night blindness Breast cancer Other cancers High blood pressure (hypertension) and stroke Pancreatitis Gastrointestinal symptoms Brain damage Decreased sex hormone production Anemia Emotional and social problems Health Risks of Alcohol © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

31. Health Risks of Alcohol • Liver Damage • Alcoholic hepatitis: inflammation and injury to the liver due to excess alcohol consumption. • Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver): a chronic, degenerative disease of the liver in which the liver cells become infiltrated with fibrous tissues; blood flow through the liver is obstructed, causing back pressure and eventually leading to coma and death unless the cause of the disease is removed; the most common cause of cirrhosis is chronic alcohol abuse. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

32. Pros and Consof Alcohol Consumption • Compare your age and gender to the leading causes of death for those of similar ages and gender. • The leading causes of death for men under the age of 40 years and women under the age of 50 (premenopausal) are accidents and breast cancer, respectively. • In this case, risks of low to moderate alcohol consumption outweigh the benefits. • Leading cause of death for men over the age of 40 years and women over the age of 50 years is heart disease. • In this case, the benefits of low to moderate alcohol consumption outweigh risks. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

33. Alcohol Abuse • Alcoholism is a dependency on alcohol characterized by craving (a strong need to drink), loss of control (being unable to stop drinking despite a desire to do so), physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms, and tolerance (increased difficulty of becoming drunk). © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

34. Alcohol Abuse • Use: ingestion of alcohol or other drugs without experiencing any negative consequences. • Misuse: a person experiences negative consequences from his/her use of alcohol or other drugs. • Abuse: continued use of alcohol or other drugs in spite of negative consequences. • Dependency/Addiction: compulsive use of alcohol or other drugs regardless of adverse or negative consequences. • Needs professional help © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

35. What Is a Drink? According to the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, “If you drink alcoholic beverages, do so in moderation.” • Moderation is defined as the following: • Men: No more than two drinks per day • Women: No more than one drink per day © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

36. What Is a Drink? Alcohol is alcohol is alcohol. It does not matter if the beverage of choice is beer, wine, wine cooler, a cocktail, or a mixed drink. • 12 ounces of regular beer • 5 ounces of wine • 1 ½ ounces of 80-proof • distilled spirits • 12 ounces of wine/malt • or spirit-based cooler • 3 ounces of sherry or port • 9.75 ounces of malt liquor It’s really how much that counts. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

37. Children and adolescents Individuals of any age who cannot restrict their drinking to moderate levels Women who may become pregnant or who are pregnant. A safe alcohol intake has not been established for women at any time during pregnancy, including the first few weeks. Individuals who plan to drive, operate machinery, or take part in other activities that require attention, skill, or coordination. Most people retain some alcohol in their blood up to 2 to 3 hours after a single drink. Individuals taking prescription or over-the-counter medications that can interact with alcohol. People who should not drink alcoholic beverages: © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

38. What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)? • A pattern of birth defects found in the children of mothers who drank alcohol during pregnancy. • One of the primary sources of birth defects in the U.S. • Most common source of preventable birth defects. • Defined by four criteria: • Maternal drinking during pregnancy • Characteristic pattern of facial abnormalities • Growth retardation • Brain damage including intellectual difficulties or • behavioral problems © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

39. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome • Typical traits of FAS… • Small eyes with drooping upper lids • Short upturned nose, flat cheeks • Undeveloped groove in center of upper lip • Mental Retardation, impaired learning … • Memory problems, seizures … • Irreversible abnormalities of the brain and other organs FAS is completely preventable if pregnant women do not drink © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

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42. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Targeted media campaigns can help increase public awareness of the adverse effects of alcohol use during pregnancy. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth

43. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Preventing FAS • Alcohol passes from the mother to the baby through the placenta. • No quantity of alcohol use during pregnancy has been established to be safe. • Especially hazardous drinking patterns for FAS include women who drink frequently and women who binge drink. • FAS is completely preventable. • Women who are pregnant should stop drinking immediately. • Women who are trying to conceive should not drink alcohol. © 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth