Objective: You will be able to trace the flow of blood through the heart.

1. Objective:You will be able to trace the flow of blood through the heart. Do Now: • Read all of p. 945 • What is the function of the valves in the heart?

2. Transport • Transport involves absorbing substances in the blood and circulating it through the body • Materials that the blood carries includes dissolved and suspended materials

3. Blood • Connects the intercellular fluid to the organs that exchange nutrients, gasses and wastes

4. Gill capillaries Lung and skin capillaries Lung capillaries Lung capillaries AMPHIBIANS REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS) MAMMALS AND BIRDS FISHES Right systemicaorta Pulmonarycircuit Artery Pulmocutaneouscircuit Pulmonarycircuit Gillcirculation Heart:ventricle (V) Left Systemicaorta A A A A A A Atrium (A) V V V V V Left Right Left Left Right Right Systemiccirculation Systemic circuit Systemic circuit Vein Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Figure 42.4 Vertebrate Circulatory Systems

6. Heart • The two atria receive blood returning to the heart • They are thin walled • The ventricles pump blood out of the heart • They have very thick walls

7. The Heart • It is a pump that sends blood throughout the body • It is made of muscle we call cardiac muscle • It is separated into left and right halves by the septum • It has four chambers • Two atria receive the blood coming back to the heart • Two ventricles pump the blood out to the body

8. Aorta Pulmonary artery Pulmonaryartery Anterior vena cava Right atrium Leftatrium Pulmonaryveins Pulmonaryveins Semilunarvalve Semilunarvalve Atrioventricularvalve Atrioventricularvalve Posterior vena cava Right ventricle Left ventricle Figure 42.6 The mammalian heart: a closer look

9. Figure 42.5 The mammalian heart: a closer look Left Atrium Right Atrium

11. Figure 42.4 The mammalian cardiovascular system: an overview

12. Circulation types • Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart • Systemic circulation is the flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart • Coronary circulation is a PART of systemic • Coronary supplies blood to the heart through coronary arteries

13. Figure 42.4 The mammalian cardiovascular system: an overview

14. Heartbeat • The pacemaker sends an electrical impulse which cause the cells of the heart to contract

15. 2 Atrial systole; ventricular diastole Semilunarvalvesclosed 0.1 sec Semilunarvalvesopen 0.3 sec 0.4 sec AV valveopen AV valveclosed 1 Atrial and ventricular diastole 3 Ventricular systole; atrial diastole Figure 42.7 The cardiac cycle

16. Pacemaker generates wave of signals to contract. Signals pass to heart apex. Signals are delayed at AV node. Signals spread throughoutventricles. Bundlebranches AV node SA node(pacemaker) Purkinjefibers Heartapex ECG 1 2 3 4 Figure 42.8 The control of heart rhythm

17. Objective: • You will be able to identify the chambers and major blood vessels of the heart.

18. Heart Dissection • Find the four chambers of the heart • Identify the flowing structures • Valves • Vena cava • Pulmonary artery • Pulmonary vein • Aorta • You find these structures by using your fingers

19. Objective: • You will be able to explain the physiology behind blood pressure.

20. Blood pressure • Refers to the pressure on the arteries when the ventricles contract. • The contraction period is called systole • Greatest pressure on the arteries • The non-contraction period is called diastole • Lowest pressure on the arteries • A blood pressure of 120/70 means: • Systolic number is 120 • Diastolic number is 70

21. Blood pressure Reading: 120/170 Pressurein cuff above120 Pressurein cuff below 120 Pressurein cuff below 70 Rubber cuffinflatedwith air 120 120 70 Sounds stop Sounds audible instethoscope Artery Arteryclosed Figure 42.12 Measurement of blood pressure (layer 4)

22. Objective:You will be able to name and give the function of the components of the blood. Do Now: • Read all of p. 943 • Compare the circulatory system with a city

23. Blood • Blood consists of the liquid plasma and a variety of cells • Plasma is the liquid part of the blood • Mostly consists of water • Carries everything including wastes, CO2, antibodies, etc… • Does NOT carry O2

24. Red Blood Cells (RBC) • Carry oxygen • Hemoglobin on the RBC’s carry the O2 • An RBC does not have a nucleus

25. Platelets • Platelets are involved with clotting • Platelets near an injury rupture and release a chemical • This chemical causes an enzyme-controlled series of reactions to form a clot Platelets

26. White Blood Cells (WBC) • White blood cells have a nucleus • They fight off bacteria and viruses • These “bad things” are called antigens • There are two types of WBC’s • Phagocytic WBC’s engulf the antigens • Lymphocytes make antibodies that attack the antigens

27. Phagocyte

28. Paired Lab Activity I vant your blood!

29. WBC RBC

30. Objective:You will be able to explain how antibodies can be used to type blood. Do Now: • Read the section on blood vessels on p. 946-947 • List the characteristics of arteries, veins and capillaries

31. Figure 14.10x ABO blood types

32. Objective:You will be able to differentiate between the types of blood vessels. Do Now: • Read the section on blood vessels on p. 946-947 • List the characteristics of arteries, veins and capillaries

33. Blood Vessels • Arteries transport blood away from the heart • They have thick, muscular walls

35. Blood Vessels • Veins transport blood to the heart • They have thin walls • Contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood

36. Blood Vessels • Capillaries have walls that are only one cell thick • The exchange material with the blood and the intercellular fluid (ICF)

39. Intercellular Fluid (ICF) • ICF surrounds all of the cells of the body and exchanges materials with the blood and the cells • It is mostly made up of water • The ICF is picked up by lymph vessels and is now called lymph • Lymph vessels are one cell thick and contain valves

40. Tissue cell INTERSTITIAL FLUID Net fluid movement in Net fluid movement out Capillary Direction of blood flow

41. Capillary Red blood cell 15 m

42. Lymph • The lymph vessels bring the lymph to lymph nodes • Phagocytic WBC there, clean the lymph of bacteria and dead cells • Once the lymph is cleaned, it is returned to the blood

43. Objective:You will be able to differentiate between the types of blood vessels. Do Now: • Read the section called “The Heart” on p. 944 • Differentiate between the atria and the ventricles

44. Objective:You will be able to differentiate between the disorders of the circulatory system. Do Now: • Read the section called “Consequences of Atherosclerosis” on p. 950 • List the symptoms of a heart attack

45. Circulatory Malfunctions • Cardiovascular diseases are malfunctions that affect the heart and blood vessels • High blood pressure is characterized by having high pressure on the arteries. It damages the arteries and weakens the heart • Heart attacks include • Angina pectoris which is a partial blockage of a coronary artery • Coronary thrombosis which is a complete blockage of a coronary artery

46. Malfunctions continued • Blood conditions • Anemia is the inability of the blood to transport enough oxygen • May be caused by low amount of hemoglobin or low amount of RBC’s • Leukemia is a cancer that affects the bone marrow. • Blood is produced in the bone marrow. So this cancer is the uncontrolled production of nonfunctional WBC’s

47. Research • Find another disorder of the circulatory system and • Describe the disorder in a few sentences • What are its causes • List its major symptoms • Prevention and/or treatment • This report should be approximately 1 page in length