HYGIENE Health Education & Tobacco Intervention Program in Nepal 2010

1. HYGIENEHealthEducation& TobaccoIntervention Program in Nepal 2010 Aune Greggas

2. Hygiene • Kidneys • Endocrine system • Immune system • Bacteria and virus • Ecosystems Aune Greggas

3. KIDNEYS • In the body there are two kidneys, one on the left side behind the stomach, one on the right side behind the stomach. • The kidneys help to keep the water balance in the body. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urinary_system.svg Urinary system.

4. Water • The most important substance for life is water. Where there is no water there is no life. Every living cell needs water. • There is not water only inside the cell. There is lots of water in the body outside the cells, in blood, brains etc. Aune Greggas There is no life without water.

5. Need of water • An average adult needs about 2,5 liters water every day. Most of it she gets by drinking and in the food. • 1,5 liters water is lost every day in the urine, 0,5-0,6 liters in the sweat, 0,3-0,4 liters as vapor in the breath and the rest in the feces. Aune Greggas

6. Water balance • The water balance in the body is mostly controlled by the kidneys and adrenal glands. • The kidneys try to keep the salt balance in the blood. It you drink lots of water, the kidneys secrete more water.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pelvis Diagram of a kidney.

7. Nephrons • If you drink little the kidneys restore the balance by holding on to more water in nephrons. • Nephrons are a very genial apparatus to save water and to secrete body salts. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1128.png Nephron with its long tubules.

8. Body salts • The food salt (NaCl) is not the only salt the body has. There are also some other salts: potassium, sodium, manganese etc. • If the amount of salts grows too high, the thirst center in the hypothalamus in brains tells that you have to drink. • The fluid secreted is urine. • Its container is the bladder. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_bladder.jpg

9. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • There are several endocrine glands in the body. • They secrete hormones to the blood. These can be steroids or amino acid –based. • Usually each secreted hormone effects only one target organ. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_endocrine_system.jpg

10. Pineal gland • Pineal gland secrets melatonin. • Melatonin is an antioxidant and monitors the circardian rhythm including inducement of drowsiness.  Pineal gland and pituitary gland are behing the nose in the middle of the head.

11. Pituitary gland Pituitary gland secrets many hormones: • Somatotropin stimulates cell growth. • Thyrotropin stimulates iodin absorbtion in thyroid gland and thyroxin secretion in it. • Vasopressin increases water permeability in the nephrons and promotes water reabsorp-tion and decreases the amount of urine. • Hormones needed in female reproductive life.

12. Thyroid and parathyroid glands Thyroid and parathyroid glands secret thyroxin and calcitonin: • Thyroxin stimulates body oxygen and energy consumption, thereby increasing the basal metabolic rate. • Calcitonin stimulates bone construction.  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Illu_thyroid_parathyroid.jpg Thyroid and parathyroid glands are in the neck in front of esophagus.

13. Thymus • Thymus is a specialized organ in the immune system. • In children it is large and later it becomes very small. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1178.png Thymus is in front of the lungs in the upper part of the chest.

14. Adrenal glands Adrenal glands are up on the kidneys The adrenal glands secret glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and androgens. • Cortisol is a stress hormone. Its primary function is to increase blood sugar. • Aldosterone increases blood volume and blood pressure. • Androgens are male hormones.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland

15. Pancreas Pancreas secrets insulin and glugacon. • Glugacon stimulates liver to release glucose to the blood. • Insulin increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism. • Hyposecretion of insulin results in diabetes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_pancrease.svg Pancreas is beside the duodenum under the stomach.

16. Gonads Gonads include female and male gonads. • The ovaries (female) secret estrogen and progesterone (menstrual cycle). • The testes (male) produce testosterone. • Gonad hormones play a key role in the development of female and male secondary sexual characteristics.  

17. IMMUNE SYSTEM • The immune system that defends your body in the fight against germs and other invaders. • The body has a variety of barriers to stop germs: skin, tonsils, adenoids, mucus in the digestive organs and airways, thymus, lymph glands, spleen. 

18. Skin • In the skin Sebaceous glands ooze an oil that is poisonous to many bacteria. http://www.pgbeautygroomingscience.com/special-skin-structures.html Every hair in the body has a Sebaceousoil gland.

19. Mucus • Mucus in the airways and the lungs and in the stomach, intestine and colon protect them from unsuitable substances and smoke particles as well as from germs.  Cilia helps to exrete the mucus existing smoke and particles from germs from the airways and lungs. http://www.marvistavet.com/assets/images/Cilia_animation.gif

20. Smoking and cilia • Smoking paralyzes the cilia that line the lungs and bronchus. • If you smoke, dust, pollen and particles in smoke that get into the lungs sit in the lungs and form tar. http://trendsupdates.com/here%E2%80%99s-why-you-should-quit-smoking/

21. Tonsils and adenoids • Tonsils in the throat and adenoids in the nose release cells to fight any infection that reaches the throat. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsil Tonsils are behind the tongue on both sides of the throat.

22. Thymus • The thymus is a gland in the chest that turns ordinary white blood cells into special T-cells that fight harmful microbes. • During the infection lymph nodes often swell up with white blood cells that have swallowed germs. http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-solu

23. Spleen • The spleen not only destroys old red blood cells, but also helps to make antibodies and phagocytes. • Phagocytes are big white blood cells that swallow up invaders and then use an enzyme to dissolve them.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytes Scanning electron micrograph of a neutrophil (a phagocyte) phagocytosing anthrax bacilli (orange)

24. Lymphatic system • Tonsils, adenoids, thymus and spleen belong to the lymphatic system. • Itis a network of tubes that drains the fluid from the cells all around the body back into the bloodstream.   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system

25. Body drain system • These lymph vessels are filled with lymph fluid along with bacteria, waste chemicals and drains from body tissues such as muscles. • The fluid circulation is helped by muscle movements and heart beat. • On the average at any time 1 - 2 liters of lymph fluid circulates in the lymphatic and body tissues.

26. Lymph nodes • In the lymph vessels there are nodes. • In the nodes white blood cells called lymphocytes destroy germs. • During infection the lymph nodes may swell as lymphocytes fight germs.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system The most important lymph nodes are behind the ears, in the neck, under the arms and in the groins.

27. Immunity • Some lymphocytes are able to memorize the organisms that have attacked the body. • In the blood there are thousands of different kinds of lymphocytes that produce antibodies against a particular germ.   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity_(medical)

28. Vaccination • Because of this acquired immunity there are many contagious infections that are not transmitted another time. • This is also how vaccination works.   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination Child receiving an oral polio vaccine.

29. BACTERIA AND VIRUS • All the germs in the body are not unwelcomed guests. • There are lots of beneficial bacteria in the colon to decay the feces. • However there are several bacteria and virus, which cause severe diseases in the human beings.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus

30. Tuberculosis • The tuberculosis bacteria usually attacks the lungs. • It is spread through the air, when people, who have the disease, cough, sneeze or spit. • The symptoms are a chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats and weight loss.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by TB-bacteria. If left untreated, it kills more than 50% of its victims.

31. Chicken box • A highly contagious illness caused by a virus. • It usually starts with vesicular skin rash and becomes itchy with raw pockmarks. • It is spread through coughs or sneezes of ill individuals or through direct contact with secretions from the rash.   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Child_with_chickenpox.jpg Chicken pox usually starts with vesicular skin rash mainly on the body and head rather than at the periphery. It gives a lifelong immunity.

32. Measles • The measles is also caused by a virus. • Symptoms include fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes and a generalized rash. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Morbillivirus_measles_infection.jpg The infection has an average incubation period of 14 days (range 6–19 days) and infectivity lasts from 2–4 days prior, until 2–5 days following the onset of the rash.

33. Measles vaccination • The measles is spread through respiration (contact with fluids from an infected person's nose and mouth, either directly or through aerosol transmission), and is highly contagious (90 % of people without immunity sharing a house with an infected person will catch it). http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/nepal_24118.html As a result of vaccination program in Nepal against measles the infections decreased from 10.000 in 2000-2003 (each year) to 4.000 in 2005 and to 2.000 in 2006.

34. HIV and AIDS • HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome),a condition in which the immune system fails. • A very serious disease. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS Scanning electron microrgraph of HIV-1 colored green, budding from a cultured lymphocyte. http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS HI virus

35. HIV - AIDS • Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid or breast milk. The four major routes of transmission are: • unsafe sex • contaminated needles • breast milk • transmission at birth. http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS HIV/AIDS in the world.

36. Influenza • The influenza is the most usual infectious disease caused by viruses which affect both birds and mammals. • Symptoms of the disease are chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness/fatigue and general discomfort. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/H1N1_navbox.jpg Swine influenza H1N1-virus

37. Complications • In more serious cases, the influenza - or any other bacteria or virus disease - can cause a pneumonia, which can be fatal, particularly for the young and the elderly. Also ear infections are usual complications. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia Pneumonia can be expected if the there is a high fever and shortness of breath with fatigue.

38. Common cold and stomach flu • Common cold is a less severe disease and caused by a different type of virus than influenza. • Influenza may produce nausea and vomiting, but these symptoms are more common in gastroenteritis, which is sometimes called "stomach flu" or "24-hour flu". http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold The common cold is a disease of the upper respiratory tract.

39. Transmission of infection • Typically the influenza is transmitted through the air by coughs or sneezes. • Influenza can also be transmitted by direct contact with bird droppings or nasal secretions, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough

40. Reducing risk of infection • Influenza viruses can be inactivated by sunlight disinfectants and detergents. • As the virus can be inactivated by soap, frequent hand washing reduces the risk of infection. http://foodcourtlunch.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/washing-hands.jpg Washing hands with soap reduces the risk of infection.

41. ECOSYSTEMS • In the human body every cell and every organ is helping each other. • They help each other to get all the substances they need. They help each other to get rid of all the waste substances or things that threaten their existence. • All what can be reused is reused. All possible waste and toxic substances are destroyed and removed from the body. 

42. Ecosystem services • According to the United Nations 2004 Millenium Ecosystem Assessment ecosystem services can be grouped into four categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and crop pollination; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits.

43. Naturalresources • As human populations grow, so do the resource demands and our global footprint. • Natural resources are not infinitely available. - Air and water quality are compromised. - Rivers, lakes and oceans are overfished. - Pests and diseases beyond their boundaries. - Deforestation is exacerbating flooding downstream and diminishing the oxygen producing area of the globe.

44. Globalfootprint • Vegan, 0 g, 0,5 acres • Vegetarian, 63 g, 0,6 acres • Little meat, 254 g, 1,3 acres • Much meat, 381 g, 1,9 acres Illustration by Steve Rokitka / University Communications

45. Tobacco production • Tobacco industry is spawning an environmental disaster, as farmers use trees for wood fuel to cure the tobacco leaves. • Tobacco needs good soil to grow. It cannot be grown in the same place year after year. It distroys the soil.  ETRA-liitto ry Your tobacco destroys the lungs of the world…

46. Burning forests • In Indonesia over 1 million hectares of the peat swamp forests has been drained for conversion to agricultural land to supply palm-oil.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borneo_fires_October_2006.jpg Fires are destroying forests and a large numbers of birds, animals, reptiles and other wildlife. They also release enormous quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere.

47. Plant a tree • Tree planting is not good only against deforestation but also to absorb carbon dioxide (one of the greenhouse gases) from the air. • The trees help to keep the water in the ground and decrease erosion. http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/img/about_ikea/tree250x250.jpg On average, one broad leaf tree will absorb 1 ton of carbon dioxide during its full life-time (about one hundred years).

48. Keep your environment clean • Arrange a cleaning day when you go together with your school mates all around your home area and collect all the rubbish away from the road sides & creeks and riversides.   Aune Greggas No rubbish should belong to the nature. A clean home and a clean environment is a healthy home and a healthy environment.

49. Our body is made so that every cell in every organ serves the whole body to keep it healthy and clean. Why not we? Aune Greggas

50. Wethank • Ministry for the ForeignAffairs, Finland • ETRA–liitto ry, Finland, Aune Greggas • ScheerMemorialHospital, Banepa, Kavre, Sundar Thapa, Pratigya Ranjit, HETIP team • Wikipedia, Wikimedia, United Nations Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, Halima Abdallah, Steve Rokitka, Marvistavet.com, Trendsupdates.com, Foodcourtlunch.com, Ikea, Human Body, Miles Kelly Publishing