Social Studies

1. Social Studies From Sea To Sea Adding Provinces and Territories

2. HEADING WEST • John. A. Macdonald and the fathers of Confederation dreamed of a country that would stretch from sea to sea. • But, many things had to change if they wanted to make that dream come true. • First, the Canadian government had to agree with the First Nations who lived on the Prairies. • Second, the government wanted to stop the illegal whisky trade. Third, the government wanted to drive out the American Hunters and traders who wander around the Prairies.

3. (cont.) • Macdonald knew that he could not wait any longer to bring law and order to the West. • On May 23,1873, Parliament passed the act that creates the North-West Mounted Police • From fall of 1873 to the spring of 1874, 300 men trained as police officers at Fort Gary. • In July 1874 they left from Fort Dufferin south to Fort Gary, so they can begin a new journey heading west around the area of Cypress Hills. • Makenzie was their leader he had defeated Macdonald

4. Alexander Makenzie • He was born in Perthshire, Scotland, • He went to Canada at the age of 20 • He soon found a job as a building contractor • He had always believed in politics. • He was a strong believer in society where people were equal, and wouldn’t be separated by class • Soon, he had become a newspaper editor in 1852 • He was soon elected for Provincial Assembly Of Canada West in 1861 Makenzie was soon elected for the House Of Commons in in 1867 He was a member for both until 1872 He was a leader for the Liberal Party, he was not really seen as a strong leader

5. May 1873 • Something terrible happened in Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan. Thirty-six Assiniboine men, women, children were murdered by American Whisky traders who wanted to hunt in the Nakota territory.

6. The Great March west • On July 4,1874, 300 men of the North- West Mounted Police left Fort Dufferin, Manitoba on horseback, dressed in bright red jackets • They took livestock and wagons full of supplies with them and the 1500- kilometre journey. • Only half of the men went to Fort Whoop-up, just North of the Montana border. That was where the whisky trader criminals were hiding.

7. Jerry potts • He was hired away from the whisky trade by the North- West Mounted Police. • On the March West he had guided the force to Fort- Whoop- up, they thought he knew every bit of land. • He also knew the ways of the people living on the Prairies • He was a wonderful guide • He helped the First Nations make peace with each other • He worked for them at least for his whole like( 22 years)

8. Problems: • During the trip, a few men got sick from drinking bad water. Clouds of mosquitoes and several of thunderstorms, made it a very hard trip. • Horses got weak from no food and water, and many died • When they were at their destination near October, the whisky trades had fled. • Over the next years, the Mounties as the police force became popular, they built forts in the Northwest area • These posts became their headquarters

9. The posts: • Fort Macleod, in the southwest corner known also as Alberta now • Fort Calgary, on the Bow River • Fort Walsh, in Cypress Hills • Fort Saskatchewan, on the North Saskatchewan River near present- day Edmonton.

10. Establishing law and order: • Police as you think, are the men/women who save us from criminals and put them behind bars. • When the North- West Mounted police was formed, their most important duty were to form good relations with First Nations and to get rid of whisky traders. • Their job was to:

11. Sam steele • He was the third officer to sign up for the North- West Mounted Police • He was known for his strong strength. • He was hired to train the men to ride the horses on The March West • BUT THE HORSES OFTEN FELL DOWN FROM WEAKNESS • He had fought in the Boer war and the First World war • He died in England from a flu, and is buried at St. Johns Cemetery in Winnipeg

12. Job: • Provide medicine • Gave out food to the First Nations people when their supplies were low • Delivered mail • Took the census • Acted as justices of the peace • Kept track of agricultural conditions • Settled fights

13. British Columbia joins canada: • . • In 1849, gold fever had spread among men hoping to strike rich overnight in the hills of San Francisco. • In 1857, word spread of a new discovery on Fraser River of British Columbia. • Many of the gold-hungry men turned their sights northward. • They flocked to British Columbia, they abandoned their California lives in matter of hours.

14. (cont.) • Within months, the little town Victoria(population 700) was surrounded by a huge ring of grey canvas tents • By the end of the year: 30 000 prospectors had made their way through Victoria to Stake gold claims along the Fraser River. • The governor of Vancouver Island (James Douglas) watched as American gold seekers flooded the area. • He became very concern:

15. Why? • That the Unites States was about to invade. • He was also worried because the gold seekers trespassing on the Aboriginal land. • They would be violate First Nations own rights to gold there( they been mining for years) • The first Nations of British Columbia shared that worry.

16. The newcomers eventually learned how to behave. • The Fraser Valley gold rush did not last much beyond the end of 1857. • Many disappointed miners returned home, but others thought that the gold must be coming down the river somewhere. • They pushed farther north in search of its source. • In 1861, a miner name Billy Barker found gold in the Cariboo district. • The discovery sparked another gold rush. • Around 1862 and 1870 more that 10 000 years ago fortune seekers went to goldfields near Bakerville, British Columbia

17. In 1858 gold rush brought many Americans to the area. • That led British Government to strengthen its power in the region. • It had proclaimed the mainland the crown colony of British Columbia • New Westminister was its captain. • Vancouver island had been its own colony since 1849. • The two colonies joined together in 1866. • In 1871, the new province of British Columbia joined Confederation, based on the promise of a railway joining it to the rest of Canada.

18. AMOR de cosmos ( Bill smith) • He was a Canadian journalist, publisher, and politician • He was one of the men who joined the Fraser River gold rush, people had thought he had a unusual name, he left Nova Scotia for the goldfields of California • There he found his own gold, it was in the business of photography, that is hoe he made a living • He also had decided to change his name to Amor De Cosmos- meaning love of the universe

19. RAILWAY!!! • The big black engine chugged its way westward. • The number 374 was painted on its front and a picture of Queen Victoria on top hanged. • The train made its way to Montreal. • It travelled over rugged Canadian Shield, across the flat Prairies, and through the breath taking mountains of British Columbia. • On May 23,1887, as the train was going to stop a band struck the song “ see, the Conquering Hero Comes”. • A new city of Vancouver was now open for business.

20. Railway!! • The building of the railway had taken several years, and taken lives of lots of people. • It had forced Prime Minister, Macdonald from power of 4 years. • It tool the will of many people to complete the railway. • However, when it was done the railway helped change the face of Canadian Society by bringing new people to the Western Canada.

21. The pacific scandal • Hugh Allan was the richest man in mid 1870’s. He was an industrialist who owned the steamship line. • He heard about the plans to build a railway from sea to sea, and made up his mind to be one of the builders. • However, Allan knew that to win the contract, he would need something the other bidders did not have. • Any how, Macdonald was getting his second election in 1872. • He was losing support from Ottawa and Quebec. • He needed money to pay for his campaign(support) • Macdonald needed money very quickly. • Allan needed a favour. • Macdonald wont he election in they year of 1872, he had accepted $ 360 000 from Allan. • In return, Allan and his company had been promised a railway contract. • There was a huge public outcry.

22. A new Start: • Macdonald return to power in the year: 1878. By the government had completes 4000 kilometres of railway. They wanted see it finish • They had hired a syndicate of Canadian businessmen and European Bankers to complete the project. • The new firm was called Canadian Pacific Railway Company • An engineer named William Van Horne was hired to oversee the construction. • Under William19 000 kilometres of new rail lines were to be built between Ontario and British Columbia • It was to meet up another line that was being built from Port Moody on the Pacific Coast to Kamloops in British Columbia’s interiors

23. (cont.) • People came from the United States, Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, Italy, German, eager to work on the railway and start new life in Canada. • Survey crews staked out the route for a new railway • Construction crews followed • The men who build the railway worked long, hard days • They laid track through swamps, across rivers and over long mountains • They used Dynamite tunnels through rock. • They build a trestle bridges to raise the track across deep canyons and raging rivers

24. It was very hard to build the rail line from the Pacific Coast to the interior of British Columbia. • That was because it passed through mountains and around steep, rocky cliff. • Although that the section of the railway was only 615 kilometres long, it took seven years and 15 000 men to build. • Close to 9000 of the workers were Chinese.

25. An American contractor was in charge of this section of the line • To save costs, he had the workers use a cheaper nut more dangerous explosive that the dynamite to blast the rock along the route • More than 700 men were mostly Chinese. Died building this dangerous stretch of Railway • On November 7 1885 company partner Donald. A. Smith drove in the last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway at Craigellanchie, British Columbia. • The Railway from the Atlantic to Pacific was complete

26. The klondike • A family had was looking forward to the Klodike • Over the next few days the men had claimed along the site • Soon they had many small gold nuggets • The find brought people all over the continent. • Rabbit Creek was renamed Bonanza. • About 10 000 prospectors made the dangerous and expensive trip to the Klondike goldfields • A new city arose where the Klondike and Yukon Rivers meet. It was named Dawson City • It already had the population of 40 000. • The North West Mounted Police were sent to keep things in order.

27. Sam Steele was in charge of the busy Yukon Force. • The problems, such as, gambling and drinking were allowed but watched really closely • Lots of men got rich • However, during the end of the 19th century was the end of the Klondike gold rush • In 1899, thousand of men left the Yukon and headed back south • Dawson's population soon became down to 5000 thosand

28. More provinces and territories: • The leaders of P.E.I(Prince Edward Island) had chosen NOT to join Confederation in the year 1867. • They had worried that the small colony’s worries would be ignored in such a large country • They had also thought they would pay HIGHER taxes. • They were happy to stay a colony of Britain

29. At first, MacDonald accepted that P.E.I did not want to join Confederation. • Eventually Macdonald became worry because there was to much trading going on in United States • He eventually tried to get the island in 1869 • He had tried anything, money, trade, and communication links to the mainland but the people still did not want to join Confederation no matter what Macdonald offered. • By 1873 the people of P.E.I were tired of the railway debts and British landlords who did not live on the island

30. The island colony had eventually decided to join Canada, because he had promised a steamship service to the mainland. • The also promised six representatives in the Parliament, each person would receive $50 • On July 1, 1873, Prince Edward Island OFFICIALLY Became Canada’s seventh province .

31. YUKON: During the end of the 19th century, plenty of people went to Yukon to dig for gold. In 1898, the Canadian government made the Yukon a separate territory with its own council That way, it could have better control the growth of the area. Dawson City became its capital In 1952 Yukon’s capital became Whitehorse

32. Alberta and Saskatchewan: • In the beginning of the 20th century, it was a exciting time for Canada • They had a strong economy and their population was growing • Between 1870- 1890; many farmers from Eastern Canada; then people from Europe moved to the west • The population was growing and growing so quickly, so the federal government decided to make a province in the North- West Territories • That would allow roads, schools, and other services the provinces would be responsible for to be built • In 1905; the territory was divided into 2 new provinces: Alberta and Saskatchewan

33. Newfoundland • Newfoundland was asked to join the nation in 1867 • Some people were excited, others were not. • Roman- Catholics worried because they might be victims of anti- catholic laws • Merchants did not want to pay higher taxes • Soon, the Newfoundland decided to control their own economy… they decided not to join Canada

34. Northwest territories • As Canada grew (by size) the North- West Territories got smaller • Before 1870… it was the name for all the land that lay north west of central Canada. • It had belonged to HBC. But in 1870 they had sold it to Canada • Over the years the provinces were carved out of the huge piece of land. • That includes: Alberta Saskatchewan and Yukon Territory. • The older provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba • In 1999 it was divided into two parts: eastern part: Nunavut: Western part North West Territories

35. nunavut • On April 1/ 1999; Nunavut became a new territory of Canadian Confederation. • Their Capital city was Iqaluit. • Look in your textbook p.45 to see how Canada has improved in the years….