Child Development Theories Lecture 3

1. Child Development Theories Lecture 3 Human Growth and DevelopmentNUR 311

2. What is a theory? • A theory should allow us to predict and explain human behavior • Different theorists place different emphasis on the genetic, environmental or interactive influences on development

3. Psychological Theories Freudian Psychoanalytic theory Erikson psychosocial theory Piaget Cognitive Development Social Cultural Theories Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory Bandura’s Social Cognitive Model Humanistic Theories Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers: Client-Centered Theory TYPES OF THEORIES

4. Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory Erikson Psychosocial Theory Piaget Cognitive Development Psychological Theories

5. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Personality has 3 Structures of id, ego, superego

6. Freudian Stages Five stages—Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital Birth to 1½ yrs 1½ to 3 yrs 3 to 6 years 6 yrs to puberty Puberty onward Oral Stage Infant’s pleasure centers on mouth Anal Stage Child’s pleasure focuses on anus Phallic Stage Child’s pleasure focuses on genitals Latency Stage Child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills Genital Stage A time of sexual Reawakening

7. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory: • There are 8 stages • Each has a unique developmental task

8. Piaget Cognitive theories: Four Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Stage: The infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions. Birth to 2 years of age Preoperational Stage: The child begins to represent the world with words and images. These words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking. 2 to 6 years of age Concrete Operational Stage: The child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets. 6 to 12 years of age 12–15 years of age Formal Operational Stage The adolescent reasons in more abstract idealistic and logical ways.

9. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory Bandura’s Social Cognitive Model Social Cultural Theories

10. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory • Learning is based upon inventions of society • Knowledge is created through interactions with other people and objects in the culture • Less skilled persons learn from the more skilled

11. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Model Behavior Person (cognitive) Environment Figure 2.4

12. Bandura’s Modeling/Imitation Child observes someone admired Child imitates behavior that seems rewarded

13. Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers: Client-Centered Theory Humanistic Theories

14. Abraham Maslowstudied the needsor motivations ofthe individual Carl Rogers: Client-Centered Theory Carl Rogers focused on the therapeuticrelationshipand developed a new method of client centeredtherapy. Rogers was one of the first to use theterm “client” rather than “patient.” Clientcenteredtherapy focused on the role of the client, rather thanthe therapist, as the key to thehealing process Humanistic Theories