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Perception: What You See is What You Get

Perception: What You See is What You Get. Chapter Summary. The Perception Process Influences on Perception Common Tendencies in Perception Perception Checking Empathy and Communication The Pillow Method. The Perception Process. The Four Steps. Selection Organization Interpretation

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Perception: What You See is What You Get

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  1. Perception: What You See is What You Get • Chapter Summary • The Perception Process • Influences on Perception • Common Tendencies in Perception • Perception Checking • Empathy and Communication • The Pillow Method 1

  2. The Perception Process • The Four Steps • Selection • Organization • Interpretation • Negotiation 2

  3. The Perception Process • Selection • What attracts your attention? • Stimuli that are intense attract us • You are more likely to remember items that stand out • Tall or short people. • Items that excite your senses. • Unchanging people or things become less noticeable over time • If you’re running late, you’ll notice all the clocks around you 3

  4. The Perception Process • Organization After selecting information from the environment we must organize it in some meaningful way • What do you see? • In this example there are only two ways to organize the impression • In reality there are many more FIGURE 3.1 Page 85 4

  5. The Perception Process • Organization After selecting information from the environment we must organize it in some meaningful way • In contrast to figure 3.1 how many impressions do you see here? FIGURE 3.3 Page 86 5

  6. The Perception Process • Organization • We classify people in the same way we did the examples • Appearance • Male or Female, Beautiful or Ugly • Social Roles • Student, Teacher, Attorney • Interaction Style • Friendly, Helpful, Mean 6

  7. The Perception Process • Organization • Psychological Traits • Curious, Nervous, Insecure • Membership • Republican, American, Democrat • How you’ve classified someone will change the way you react to them in the future 7

  8. The Perception Process • Organization • Stereotyping • After we’ve chosen an organizing scheme to classify people we use that scheme to classify similar groups • Exaggerated generalizations lead to stereotyping • After a stereotype is created we seek out isolated behavior to support these inaccurate beliefs • Decategorize those you stereotype 8

  9. The Perception Process • Organization • Punctuation • How arguments are punctuated can lead to a variety of problems FIGURE 3.4 Page 90 9

  10. The Perception Process • Interpretation • Interpretation plays a role in every interpersonal act • Degree of involvement with the other person • We treat people differently when perusing a relationship • Past experience • Have you been in the situation before • Assumptions about human behavior 10

  11. The Perception Process • Interpretation • Interpretation plays a role in every interpersonal act • Attitudes • The attitudes we hold shape the way we view others • Expectations • Anticipation shapes interpretation • Knowledge • Knowledge of a situation will change your interpretation of it 11

  12. The Perception Process • Interpretation • Self-Concept • How you view yourself will alter your interpretation • When you’re feeling down the work looks much worse • Relational Satisfaction • Positive behavior may be viewed as negative depending on your current satisfaction in a relationship • It is possible for each section of the perception process to occur out of order 12

  13. The Perception Process • Negotiation • Our personal worlds are described as narratives • Ask two children what they’re fighting about • Chances are you’ll get different narratives • When narratives coincide they are said to be shared • These narratives do not have to be true to be powerful • In some cases couples have a happy relationship simply because they share the narrative that they’ve always had one • Negotiating each narrative can be tricky 13

  14. Influences on Perception • ABC News Video Click on box to play video 14

  15. Influences on Perception • Physiological Influences • The Senses • How each of our senses changes the way we interact and shapes our perceptions • How many times have you heard someone complain about the temperature and you thought it was just fine 15

  16. Influences on Perception • Physiological Influences • Age • Experience changes the way one perceives the world • Biological factors also shape perception • Health • When you’re feeling sick your perception of the world changes • Fatigue • Just as being ill can have harmful affects on your relationship so can being sleepy 16

  17. Influences on Perception • Physiological Influences • Hunger • People often get grumpy when they’re hungry • Several biological changes occur in the body • Biological Cycles • Your body changes constantly throughout your daily cycle • Change influences your perception positively and negatively • Psychological Challenges • Mental illness and disorder can dramatically change the way one interacts with and perceives the world 17

  18. Influences on Perception • Cultural Differences • Cultures value different principles of communication • Collectivist v. Individualist Culture • Ethnocentrism • The attitude that one’s own culture is superior to others • Cultural differences can occur with in a single country • North vs. South • East vs. West 18

  19. Influences on Perception • Social Roles • Gender Roles • Socially instructed ways men and women should act • Violations to these rules is seen as unusual and undesirable • Occupational Roles • Depends on level of experience • Can change instantly when new people are added to the group • Philip Zimbardo conducted the an experiment that popularized the theory of occupational roles • Prisoners and Guards (pg. 101-102) 19

  20. Common Tendencies in Perception • How We Judge Ourselves • We judge ourselves more charitably than others • Even when situation are similar our tendency is to fault the other person rather than admit we also made the same mistake • He wasn’t listening • He flies off the handle • What did you expect from someone who curses • Egocentric tendencies cause us to rate ourselves more favorable than others 20

  21. Common Tendencies in Perception • Others’ Negative Characteristics • We pay attention to others’ negative characteristics • To avoid bombarding our self-concept with doubt we tend to focus more harshly on the short comings of others • We are influenced by the obvious • Because we select stimuli that is most noticeable it is not surprising that obvious events tend to have the most impact • We assume that others are similar to us • Be careful when telling jokes and using slang 21

  22. Common Tendencies in Perception • Perception Checking • Elements of Perceptions Checking • A description of the behavior you notices • At least two possible interpretations of the behavior • A request for clarification about how to interpret the behavior • Perception Checking Considerations • Completeness • Nonverbal Congruency • Cultural Rules • Face Saving • Can be a way to raise an issue without directly threatening 22

  23. Common Tendencies in Perception • Empathy and Communication • Empathy • The ability to re-create another persons perspective or to experience the world from their point of view • Perspective Taking • The attempt to take on the viewpoint of another • Requires a suspension of judgment • Sympathy • You view the other person’s position from your point of view 23

  24. Common Tendencies in Perception • The Pillow Method • The Pillow Method is a tool for building empathy • The Pillow Method consists of four sides or positions FIGURE 3.5 The Pillow Method Page 113 24

  25. Perception: What You See is What You Get • Chapter Summary • The Perception Process • Influences on Perception • Common Tendencies in Perception • Perception Checking • Empathy and Communication • The Pillow Method 25

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