Effective Project Analysis and Solution Development Module

1. Module 2: Conceptual Design (Part 1) - Assessments and Analysis We would like to acknowledge the support of the Project Management Institute and the International Institute for Learning, Inc. for permitting the use of their intellectual property in this curriculum.

2. Module 2 Objectives By the end of this module you will be able to: • Employ 3 stakeholder analysis tools • Complete a problem analysis • Develop an objectives tree • Conduct an alternatives selection

3. Where do project ideas come from? A fishing cooperative observed that fish stocks were high in a .nearby town with sanitation facilities Mothers express displeasure with the mess and sickly conditions that result from lack of hygienic sanitation Comparative Observations Stakeholder Need A local doctor suggests advocating for sewage connections to improve hygiene Donors express their priority of addressing maternal child health in the Delta Region Experts and Consultants Donor Interest

4. Assessments vs. Analysis

5. Case Study – Delta River Municipality A recent assessment found that deterioration of water quality in the Delta River Municipality has resulted in depleted fish stocks; reduced catch and falling income among fishing families, and there is an increasingly high incidence of water borne diseases and illnesses, particularly among poor families and children under five. The current situation is the result of the discharge of fecal waste, household and business refuse, and inadequately treated wastewater in the river. Some of the numerous factors that contribute to the problem include: Low public awareness of the dangers of dumping household waste. Low access and use of sanitation facilities for the disposal of fecal waste. Furthermore, the Environment Protection Agency’s oversight over the local textile industry has been ineffective and sometimes corrupted. All these factors have led to high levels of fecal waste and household/business refuse in the river. As a result of low budgets and poor planning by local government even among businesses that treat their waste, treated wastewater does not meet environmental standards.

6. Activity: Analysis Tools Type of Analysis Illustrative Tool

7. Partial List of Analysis Tools Type of Analysis Illustrative Tool Stakeholder Analysis VENN Diagrams Stakeholder Analysis Matrix Organizational Capacity Analysis SWOT Analysis Spider Diagrams Prioritize Assessment Information Mindmapping Card Methodologies (VIPP) Investigate Cause and Effect Relationships Problem Trees Forcefield Analysis Identify Current State of Service Provision Gap Assessment Analysis Mapping Analyze Alternatives Organize and Classify Information

8. Level 1 – Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholder Analysis • Identifying & characterizing potential major stakeholders; • assessing their capacity

9. Mapping Stakeholder Relationships Those who benefit in whatever way from the implementation of the project. Distinction may be made between target groups; final beneficiaries and indirect beneficiaries. Beneficiaries Stakeholders Project Partners Individuals or institutions that may – directly or indirectly, positively or negatively – affect or be affected by the project or program. Those who implement the projects (who are also stakeholders, and may be a target group.)

10. Venn Diagram - Stakeholders (From the perspective of fishing families)

11. Stakeholder Analysis Matrix

12. Level 2 - Problem Analysis Problem Analysis • Identifying key problems, constraints & opportunities; • Determining cause & effect relationships Stakeholder Analysis • Identifying & characterizing potential major stakeholders; • assessing their capacity

13. Developing a Problem Tree Step One: Brainstorm Problems • either completely open (no preconceptions) • or, more directed, by specifying a “known” high-level problem based on preliminary analysis • Step Two: Select an Individual Starter Problem • Step Three: Look for problems related to the starter problem • Step 4: Establish a hierarchy of causes and effects • Problems which are directly causing the starter problem – BELOW • Problems which are direct effects of the starter problem – ABOVE • Step 5: Connect the Problems with Cause-Effect Arrows

14. Problem Tree - Example

15. Level 3: Objectives Analysis Objectives Analysis • Developing solutions from the identified problems; • identifying means to end relationships Stakeholder Analysis Problem Analysis • Identifying & characterizing potential major stakeholders; • assessing their capacity • Identifying key problems, constraints & opportunities; • determining cause & effect relationships

16. Developing an Objectives Tree Step One: Reformulate all negative situations of the problems analysis into positive situations that are: • desirable • realistically achievable Step Two: Check the means-ends relationships to ensure validity and completeness of the hierarchy Step Three: If necessary: • revise statements • add new objectives if relevant and necessary • delete objectives which do not seem suitable or necessary

17. Objectives Tree

18. Level 4: Alternatives Analysis Alternatives Analysis • Identifying different strategies to achieve solutions; • selecting most appropriate strategy. Stakeholder Analysis Problem Analysis Objectives Analysis • Identifying & characterizing potential major stakeholders; • assessing their capacity • Identifying key problems, constraints & opportunities; • determining cause & effect relationships • Developing solutions from the identified problems; • identifying means to end relationships

19. Selecting a Strategy

20. Alternatives Analysis