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Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Learn about the process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, including the inputs, outputs, and organelles involved. Understand the order of energy flow in an ecosystem and how ATP is produced and used as a portable "energy currency". Explore the electron transport chain and its role in ATP production. Discover the stages of photosynthesis and the use of ATP and NADPH in the light-independent reactions.

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Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

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  1. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

  2. Section 9-1: Energy in Living Systems • photosynthesis • the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use energy from sunlight to combine carbon dioxide and water, producing carbohydrates and oxygen 2. autotroph • an organism that is able to use sunlight to make organic compounds that serve as food 3. cellular respiration • the process by which cells get energy from carbohydrates 4. metabolism • involves building molecules that can be used as an energy source, or breaking down molecules in which energy is stored

  3. Order of Energy Flow in an Ecosystem 1. Light from the sun reaches Earth. 2. Autotrophs absorb sunlight. 3. Autotrophs use energy from sunlight to make organic compounds. 4. Animals get energy by eating autotrophs, substances produced by autotrophs, or organisms that consume autotrophs.

  4. Photosynthesis List the inputs (the products needed) for photosynthesis. List the outputs of (what is produced through) photosynthesis.

  5. Cellular Respiration List the inputs (the products needed) for cellular respiration. List the outputs of (what is produced through) cellular respiration.

  6. In the space provided, make a diagram that shows how the products of photosynthesis and the products of cellular respiration cycle through the ecosystem in the carbon cycle. Indicate the organelles involved.

  7. Organelles In which type of organelle does photosynthesis take place? In which type of organelle does cellular respiration take place?

  8. ATP 16. What is the difference between getting energy from cellular respiration and getting energy from a log by burning it? • In burning wood the energy is released in a burst of energy whereas in cells the chemical energy is released gradually in a series of chemical reactions that are assisted by enzymes. 17. Why is ATP called a portable “energy currency”? - Because it can be produced in one part of the cell and used in another part of the cell. 18. How is energy released from ATP? - By the breaking of a bond between phosphate groups on the end of the adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) molecule. This changes the molecule to adensine di-phosphate.

  9. ATP Synthase 19. What is ATP synthase, what does it do, and what is the process it powers? - It is an enzyme/carrier protein in the chloroplast membrane that adds a phosphate to ADP to form ATP.

  10. Electron Transport Chain Define the electron transport chain and describe its locations and purpose.

  11. Electron Transport Chain • The ETC is a chain of molecules that uses the energy from electrons to pump an area full of H+ ions. • This chain requires a supply of electrons (electron donors) and an electron acceptor to take the electrons from the end of the chain so it doesn’t get backed up. • When the built up H+ ions are let out one at a time, ATP is produced by an enzyme (ATP Synthase).

  12. Section 9-2: Photosynthesis Flat discs inside chloroplasts that are arranged in stacks are called: - thylakoids (think Thin Mints or Peppermint Patties) These are light-absorbing substances that are inside chloroplasts: - pigments They absorb light of different: - wavelengths (or colors) The green pigment in plants that is essential for photosynthesis is: - chlorophyll Light energy absorbed by this pigment excites: - electrons They are transferred to nearby molecules & then move down an electron transport chain.

  13. ATP Production in the ETC Summarize the three steps in the electron transport chain that produces ATP. • Water Splitting – water is split releasing electrons into the electron transport chain and creating oxygen gas which is released into the atmosphere. • Hydrogen Ion Pump – a transport protein uses the energy from the passing electron to pump H+ ions into the thylakoid. • ATP Synthase – this enzyme lets a H+ ion out using this built up energy to add a phosphate to an ADP molecule, thereby making a molecule of ATP.

  14. NADPH Production Summarize how NADPH is produced in the ETC. 1. NADP+ is an electron acceptor which takes electrons from the end of the ETC so that it does not get backed up. It does so by using the electron to make a bond with a H+ ion to make the chemical NADPH. This form of stored chemical energy will be used to power the next stage of photosynthesis. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120072/bio13.swf::Photosynthetic%20Electron%20Transport%20and%20ATP%20Synthesis

  15. Study the following stages of photosynthesis. Determine the order in which the stages take place. Write the order of each stage in the space provided. 1. Energy is captured from sunlight. 2. Light energy is converted to chemical energy, which is temporarily stored in ATP and NADPH. 3. Energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of organic compounds, using carbon dioxide.

  16. Light Independent Reactions What are ATP and NADPH used for in photosynthesis? • The energy storage molecules are used to power the Calvin Cycle (light independent or dark reactions). The end product of these reactions is a sugar molecule.

  17. The Calvin Cycle Describe the steps of the Calvin cycle. • Carbon from CO2 is added to a 5-carbon molecule to make a 6-carbon molecule. • Energy from ATP & NADPH is used to rearrange this 6-carbon molecule into organic compounds like sugar. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070960526/student_view0/chapter5/animation_quiz_1.html

  18. Environmental Factors What are three environmental factors that affect photosynthesis? • Light intensity • Carbon dioxide concentration • Temperature

  19. Summary Summarize the steps of photosynthesis. Include the following: • How light is absorbed and what this energy is used to do. • Where water is used and oxygen is produced. • How ATP is produced inside the thylakoid. • What the CO2, ATP & NADPH are used for in the Calvin Cycle.

  20. Photosynthesis – the process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy.

  21. Light-Dependent Reactions

  22. Wavelength Absorption by Pigments

  23. Structure of a Chloroplast

  24. The Light-Independent Reactions

  25. Describe how this glucose molecule was produced from sunlight.

  26. Cellular Respiration

  27. Glycolysis

  28. Kreb’s Cycle

  29. Electron Transport Chain

  30. Describe how this molecule of ATP was produced from the breakdown of glucose. Include where you got the glucose from and where the glucose was made originally.

  31. Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis

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