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The Creation of Israel

The Creation of Israel. Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916. Implementing the Balfour Declaration: British-mandate Palestine.

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The Creation of Israel

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  1. The Creation of Israel

  2. Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

  3. Implementing the Balfour Declaration:British-mandate Palestine In 1922, the British divided their Palestinian into two parts -- they created a new territory called Transjordan (now largely the country of Jordan) intended to be an Arab state, and intended Palestine to be open for Jewish settlement. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gov46/pal-transjrdn-1922.gif

  4. Implementing the Balfour Declaration -- Jewish settlement in British-mandate Palestine Most Arab Palestinians opposed the British mandate and Jewish settlement in their territory. Jewish migration to the region continued in the period before WWII. Jewish immigration increased sharply after WWII as Jews fled persecution in Europe. Zionism- “never again” http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/MAPS/Zionist_colonies_in_Palestine_at_beg_brit_mandate.htm

  5. Conflicts increase between Jews and Palestinians Violent conflicts between Jews and Palestinians increased and the British found it more and more difficult to govern this territory. After WWII ended, the British appealed to the newly-formed United Nations (UN) to help resolve issues in the region.

  6. Turning Point 1: 1947Partition of Palestine

  7. United Nations Partition Plan, 1947 Study this map carefully, and then consider the pros and cons of this proposal and note those on your handout. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gov46/gen-assembly-part-1947.gif

  8. Only about 15% of Israel’s land is arable (able to be farmed) and most of that land is located along the coastal plain. Given this information, add to your notes about the pros/cons of this proposal from the Israeli and Palestinian perspective. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gov46/gen-assembly-part-1947.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Southeast_mediterranean_annotated_geography.jpg

  9. Much of this region is arid; water is precious. Look at this map of the northern part of the region and note that most water resources flow along the mountain aquifer line (mostly toward the River Jordan). Given this information, add to your notes about the pros/cons of this proposal from the Israeli and Palestinian perspective. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~gov46/gen-assembly-part-1947.gif http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/MAPS/WaterSources.html

  10. Turning Point 2: 1948 Creation of Israel

  11. Israel 1949Based on the UN Partition Plan, Israel proclaimed itself an independent state on May 14. Arab states (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Palestinian guerrillas) attacked Israel on May 15. War ended in December 1948, with Israel controlling 77% of the territory of Palestine. Egypt controlled the Gaza Strip and Jordan controlled the West Bank, including East-Jerusalem. Before After

  12. Palestinian RefugeesAbout half (700,000) of the Palestinians fled their homes or were expelled. Most settled in Jordan, Gaza, West Bank, Lebanon, Syria, and Kuwait. This refugee flow had a big impact on neighboring countries. During 1948 the population of Jordan doubled with the influx of refugees.Image source: http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/MAPS/Refugees-UNWRA-2001.html

  13. Jewish Population Shifts • Another estimated 800,000 Jews came to Israel after 1948. Some were from Europe and some were from Arab countries. • Ethnic tensions rose between European Jews and Arab Jews.

  14. Israeli Jews were concerned about new boundaries • 80% of Jewish population lives on coastal plain -- felt vulnerable because population centers were only a few miles from hostile populations in Jordanian-controlled West Bank and Egyptian-controlled Gaza Strip. http://www.zionism-israel.com/map_of_israel_security_problem_distances.htm

  15. Israeli Jews were concerned about access to Jerusalem • Jerusalem was divided -- Jews didn’t have access to important holy sites in East Jerusalem (Western Wall)

  16. Turning Point 3:1967

  17. Gen Moshe Dayan and Def Minister Yitzchak Rabin

  18. Israel Captures East Jerusalem

  19. 1967 War - 6 Day WarIn 1967, Israel initiated a war with Egypt, Jordan and Syria. Israel occupied several territories, including the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and the Sinai PeninsulaThere was a new exodus of about 500,000 Palestinians. The UN Security Council called on Israel to withdraw from territories it occupied during the 1967 conflict.

  20. 1973- Yom Kippur War • Yom Kippur War (October War) was a surprise attack on the Jewish day of atonement. • Egypt and Syria briefly re-conquered the Golan Heights and Sinai. • Following massive US and Soviet re-supplying of the sides, Israel succeeded in pushing both back to beyond 1967 borders.

  21. Camp David Accords • Peace Treaty Between Israel and Egypt (March 26, 1979)

  22. Land for Peace: • Israel returned Sinai to Egypt in exchange for Egypt’s recognition of Israel. • Israeli ships able to use Suez Canal, Stright of Tiran and Gulf of Agaba.

  23. Intifadah (1987)

  24. Current Issues Gaza Strip Jerusalem West Bank Refugees Israeli Settlers Golan Heights Security Fence

  25. The Gaza Strip is one of the most densely populated tracts of land in the world (twice the size of Washington, DC). Gaza is home to 1,178,000 Palestinians, 33% of whom lived in United Nations-funded refugee camps. Gaza was home to 6,900 Jewish settlers. In September 2005, Israel withdrew all its settlers and soldiers and dismantled its military facilities in the Gaza Strip. Israel today controls maritime, airspace, and most access to the Gaza Strip.

  26. Israeli Settlements in the West Bank Starting in 1967, Israel built many settlements on the West Bank for security and religious reasons. Settlements and their adjoining territory cover large parts of the West Bank. mage source: http://www.mideastweb.org/map_israel_settlements.htm

  27. Important Issue: Israeli Settlers • Will Israelis be willing to withdraw from their settlements on the West Bank as part of the Road Map for Peace? • Will a Palestinian state be formed in the West Bank and Gaza Strip? • How will these territories be linked? • Will the Israeli settlers leave? (They are a powerful voting block)

  28. Important Issues: West Bank Wall The Israeli government has been building a barrier between Palestinian populations and Israeli populations, consisting of a network of fences, walls, and trenches. The wall is controversial, as is its name. Israelis refer to it as a security barrier; Palestinians refer to it as an apartheid wall. Image sourcehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/BarrierFeb2005.png/250px-BarrierFeb2005.png

  29. Image sources http://www.un.org/unrwa/photos/fresh-pics/fresh.html; http://www.aljazeerah.info/News%20photo%20negatives/2004%20phot%20originals/Feb/wall%2018.jpg

  30. Important Issues: Checkpoints Israel has established a series of checkpoints in the West Bank. This map shows both permanent checkpoints and roadblocks, Israeli controlled roads, Israeli settlements and separation zones. Image source: http://www.palestinercs.org/images/Maps/map_of_the_west_bank_checkpoint2.jpg

  31. Important Issues: Future Status of Jerusalem Image sources: Map -- Worldbook; http://www.titherly.com/Jerusalem/the%20dome%20of%20the%20rock%20behind%20the%20western%20('wailing')%20wall%20(0540)_std.jpg

  32. Important Issue: Return of Palestinian Refugees • The number of Palestinian refugees has grown to include over 4.6 million displaced persons. • Will they be allowed to return? • Israeli Population: 7,112,359 • note: includes about 187,000 Israeli settlers in the West Bank, about 20,000 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, and 177,000 in East Jerusalem (July 2008 est.) • Palestinian population of the West Bank (including Israeli-annexed East Jerusalem) is 2,345,000. (June, 2007) • Palestinian Population in Gaza 1,482,405 (June, 2007)

  33. Important Issue: Golan Heights • Syria is still technically at war with Israel

  34. On September 6, 2007, in a surprise dawn attack, seven Israeli warplanes destroyed an industrial facility in Syria. The Facility was later identified by the CIA as a nearly completed nuclear reactor secretly under construction since 2001.

  35. Will there be peace?Hardliners-Israeli hardliners do not want to give up any land or territory to Palestinians. -Palestinian hardliners do not recognize Israel’s right to exist and want to regain all of the lost territory.ModeratesIsraeli and Palestinian moderates recognize that the way to lasting peace is some sort of compromise in which Israelis give up some land to the Palestinians in return for an end to violence. International Peace Agreements call for the creation of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

  36. Key Player: Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert • Olmert is the 12th Israeli to serve as Prime Minister (assumed position after PM Ariel Sharon had a stroke). • Olmert, 60, is a lawyer, a dealmaker. • His Israel is a modern, democratic society. • Olmert plans to finish the security barrier, bring Israeli settlers into a few blocks and leave the rest of the West Bank to the Palestinians. • Olmert needs U.S. support to pursue these policies. http://www.nndb.com/people/058/000114713/ehud-olmert-1.jpg

  37. Sep 22, 2008 11:29pmOlmert hands in his official resignation Thirty-three months after dramatically filling in for a stroke-stricken Ariel Sharon, Prime Minister Ehud Olmert - facing a number of corruption allegations - formally tendered his resignation to President Shimon Peres on Sunday evening.

  38. Fatah Party • The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was the original freedom movement. • Founded by Yasser Arafat who died in November 2004.

  39. Key Player: Mahmoud Abbas, Leader of Fatah Party • In January 2005 he won convincingly in the election for president of the Palestinian Authority as a member of the Fatah Party. • Currently controls the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank • Favored by Western Governments http://www.interet-general.info/IMG/Mahmoud-Abbas-7-3.jpg

  40. Hamas • Created in 1987 by Shiekh Yassin during firdt Intifadah • Notorious for suicide bombings • Hamas has gained popularity in Palestinian society by establishing hospitals, education systems, libraries and other services in West Bank and Gaza • Hamas' charter calls for the destruction of the State of Israel and its replacement with a Palestinian state • Considered a terrorist organization by many Western nations

  41. Key Player: Ismael Haniya,Political Leader of Hamas • Born in a refugee camp in the Gaza Strip, was a close associate of the founder of the radical Palestinian group, Hamas. • In elections in Jan. 2006, Hamas appealed to mainstream Palestinian voters and won 76 out of 132 seats in the Palestinian Legislative Council. and formed a new Palestinian government. • Hamas refuses to recognize the right of Israel to exist and insists that Israel must recognize Palestinian rights before the peace process can begin. • US and European donors have cut funding to the Palestinian Authority until Hamas renounces violence and recognizes Israel. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4655146.stm

  42. Latest News • Hamas gained control of Gaza • Competing with Fatah for control of the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank • Fatah is trying to negotiate with Israel and has backing of West • Olmert has resigned so future Israeli position on peace negotiations are unclear

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