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The Six Kingdoms

The Six Kingdoms. It’s Alive!!!. In order to be part of a kingdom, an organism must be considered alive . To be alive, an organism has to: Be made of one or more units called cells . Based on a genetic code. Obtain and use energy in a process called metabolism .

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The Six Kingdoms

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  1. The Six Kingdoms

  2. It’s Alive!!! • In order to be part of a kingdom, an organism must be considered alive. • To be alive, an organism has to: • Be made of one or more units called cells. • Based on a genetic code. • Obtain and use energy in a process called metabolism. • Respond to their environment. • Maintain homeostasis. • Grow and develop • Reproduce • Evolve

  3. Classifying Organisms • Biologists classify organisms so that they can be identified and studied in a logical way. • Carolus Linnaeus created a hierarchical system of naming and classifying organisms (taxonomy) that includes seven levels: • kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. (Domain has since been added).

  4. Scientists used to rely mainly on physical traits and anatomy to classify organisms. • However, with advances in DNA technology, we now classify organisms based on their genetic/evolutionary history or phylogeny. • Because of this, taxonomic classification is not permanent, but can be changed because of new information discovered using DNA sequencing.

  5. Kingdom Eubacteria • Examples: E. Coli (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/49477C30-0513-47BE-88FC-17974CB1F952/0/e_coli.jpg) Yersinia pestis (Bubonic plague) http://uhavax.hartford.edu/bugl/Yersinia-pestis.jpg

  6. To be a Eubacteria... • Most of these organisms are classified as Eubacteria • Unicellular • Prokaryotic • Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic • Have cell walls made of peptidoglycan • These bacteria live in the same environment as humans. • Some are anaerobic – they don’t need oxygen to live.

  7. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria • Unicellular • Prokaryotic • Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic • Have cell walls not made of peptidoglycan • Probably among the first life forms on earth. • Live in EXTREME conditions (high pressure/temperature, deep sea vents, salty places). http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/84150f.jpg

  8. Kingdom Protista • Examples: Paramecium http://upsidedownhippo.com/archives/Paramecium.jpg Amoeba http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/robert.fuller/370%20Files/Week9Soil%20Organisms/amoeba1.jpg Plasmodiumhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://workforce.cup.edu/buckelew/images/Plasmodium%2520cathemerium%252012%2520midnite.jpg&imgrefurl=http://workforce.cup.edu/buckelew/Plasmodium%2520cathemerium.htm&h=512&w=640&sz=48&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=pBy5L3xpODFaaM:&tbnh=110&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPlasmodium%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den

  9. To be a Protist… • Mostly unicellular, some multicellular colonies • Eukaryotic • Can be heterotrophic, autotrophic, or both • Some have cell walls made of cellulose • Reproduce sexually and asexually • Live in moist environments – no protection from drying out. • Some move by cilia (tiny hairs), flagella (tail), pseudopods (fake feet)

  10. Kingdom Fungi • Examples: Mushroom http://fogcity.blogs.com/jen/mushroom-thumb.jpg Yeast http://www.utoronto.ca/greenblattlab/images/a/yeast%201.jpg Truffle http://www.truffle-tree.co.uk/images/truffle_on_grass.jpg

  11. To be a Fungus… • Mostly multicellular, some unicellular • Eukaryotic • External heterotrophs – dissolves food outside the body • Have cell walls made of chitin • Reproduces sexually and asexually • Body made of a mesh of filaments called hyphae.

  12. Kingdom Plantae • Examples: http://www.landscapingyourself.com/images/1plant1.jpg http://andromeda.cavehill.uwi.edu/Aquatic%20plant%20photos/pond%20plant%20use.JPG

  13. To be a Plant… • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Autotrophic • Reproduce sexually (flowers) and asexually (vegetative propagation) • Cell walls made of cellulose • Specialized reproductive structures (fruit) to aid in dispersal of seeds. http://www.jtrue.com/cartoons/art/low/plant_layoff.jpg

  14. Kingdom Animalia • Example: http://www.fresnochaffeezoo.com/images/polar-bear.gif Daphnia http://www.chasewater.org.uk/images/microscopic/Daphnia%20with%20eggs.jpg http://library.thinkquest.org/11922/fish/flying_fish.jpg

  15. To be an Animal… • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Internal heterotrophs – dissolves food inside the body • Most reproduce sexually • No cell wall • Many specialized structures for movement or food gathering • 5 – 10 million species (99% without a backbone)

  16. Naming Organisms • People generally use a common name to refer to organisms on a day-to-day basis. • Common names can vary, depending on geographic location: • A cougar a.k.a. mountain lion, a.k.a. puma • Carolus Linnaeus created a hierarchical system of naming and classifying organisms that uses seven levels (taxon). http://www.hickerphoto.com/data/media/40/mountain_lion_pictures_sc61.jpg

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