EUROPE AT THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES

1. EUROPE AT THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES Unit 1: Day 1

2. Politically Fragmented Variety of political systems Power local rather than central Economically Mostly agricultural Poor Some long-distance trade Socially 3 main groups “Those who pray” “Those who fight” “Those who work” What was Europe like in the 1300s?

3. THE BLACK DEATH UNIT 1: DAY 2

4. Agricultural Crisis “Little Ice Age” early 14th cent severe weather damaged crops, leading to famine (1315–1322). Poor nutrition increased susceptibility to disease Social consequences of famines and epidemics included Depopulation volatile land market unstable international trade Scapegoating of various groups Prelude to Disaster

5. Genoese ships brought the plague to Italy in 1347. From there it spread to southern Germany, France, and then England. Ironically, made possible thanks to new conquests & improved technology. ARRIVAL

6. Appearance of Plague

7. Fleas often living on black rats bore the plague bacillus. Poor sanitary conditions and lack of bathing facilitated the spread of the disease. Symptoms: appearance of a single boil followed by bleeding under the skin vomiting of blood death Pathology & Care

8. Cycle of Disease

9. The Symptoms Bulbous Septicemia Form:almost 100% mortality rate.

10. Treatment of Disease Blood Letting & Lancing “Leeching”

11. Doctors • Doctors typically fully covered • Coat is “waxed smooth” so poisons would slide off • Beaked mask contain strong herbs • Stick used to warn people away

12. Attempts to Stop the Plague Flagellants:Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins

13. Attempts to Stop the Plague Pogroms (massacres) against the Jews “Golden Circle” obligatory badge

14. BRING OUT YOUR DEAD!

15. Medieval Art & the Plague

16. Death Triumphant !:A Major Artistic Theme

17. Boccaccio in The Decameron • What does Boccaccio say are the causes of the plague in Europe? • People reacted to the plague in various ways. Give examples of 3 different lifestyles that were practiced • Does religion play a role in people’s feelings towards the plague? Why or why not?

18. Social Pessimistic society suspicion of travelers and pilgrims Economic Guilds accepted many new members, often unrelated to old guild members. The plague made labor more expensive and benefited peasants and artisans. Decline in production leads to inflation Cultural religious fanaticism (flagellants) New colleges created to replenish the priesthood CONSEQUENCES

19. SIGNIFICANCE: • 35% - 70% mortality rate • 25 million people died • Ultimately contributed to the end of feudal society & the Reformation

20. Medieval Society Unit 1: Day 3

21. Review Questions • 1. What issue was the main cause of the Flanders Rebellion and the Jacquerie Rebellion? • 2. What other issues were at the root of the Jacquerie Rebellion in 1358? • 3. What was the result of the English Peasant’s Revolt in 1381? • 4. Summarize urban conflicts in the Medieval Period (what caused it, any groups involved, any outcomes) • 5. Describe the concept of “fur collar crime.” How were the criminals treated in court? Provide examples of such actions.   • 6. Compare and contrast the relationship between ethnicities between continental Europe and the British Isles • 7. Summarize ethnic relations during the later Medieval period (actions towards, words used, attitudes toward). Describe ways in which people/towns attempted to keep “ethnic purity.”

22. Canterbury Tales Activity • Break into groups of 3 • Go to Wiki, and download Canterbury Tales Activity • Time to Complete: 20 mins

23. Challenges to the Church Unit 1: Day 6

24. Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376) • Conflicts between secular rulers & popes very common • King Phillip the Fair (FR) pressured Pope Clement V to move to Avignon, France (papal summer residence) • Would enable Phillip to control church policies, etc • Popes lived in Avignon not RomeBabylonian Captivity • Results: • Badly damaged papal prestige • Avignon Popes focused more of administrative, bureaucratic, and financial issues rather than spiritual • Led luxurious lives and abandoned roots • Great Schism

25. Great Schism(1377-1417) • Pope Urban VI • Reformed minded pope, but lack the delicacy to institute significant change • Attacked clergy luxurious life • Results: • Cardinals declared Urban election invalid & elected new pope • 2 popes! • Urban in Rome, Clement in Avignon • Europeans aligned themselves to popes accordingly to political lines • Weakened religious faith & questioned church leadership

26. Criticism & Division • William of Occam & Marsiglio Padua • Questioned the connection between reason & faith (works of St. Thomas Aquinas) • Church & state should be separate & State should be superior • Excommunicated and works condemned • Conciliarists • Argued that church reform is best served through periodical assemblies or councils that represented all Christians William of Occam Marsiglio Padua

27. Criticism and Divisions • John Wyclif & Lollards • Scripture alone should be the foundation  papacy had no power accordingly to scriptures • Lollards promoted these ideas through 15th century • Jan Hus • Denied papal authority • Called for bible translations into native languages • Indulgences were useless • Results • Division hurt church, and more importantly their influence • Council of Constance (1414-1418) • End the Schism  New Pope elected and stayed in Rome • Reform the Church FAILED TO MAKE CHANGE • Wipe out Heresy  Tried and burned Hus as a heretic

28. Lay Piety & Mysticism • During Great Schism, piety of clergy heavily questioned by laymen • Result • Confraternities formed  voluntary organizations devoted to the improvement of the church • Groups arranged by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, and charitable services • Brethren and Sisters of the Common Life (Holland) lived a simple life while preaching the Gospel and feeding the hungry • Served as a model to others

29. The Hundred Years’ War (but not really) Unit 1: Day 3

30. The Hundred Years’ War • Causes • Disagreements over Royal Land Rights (Aquitaine) • Succession Dispute • Lack of support within own countries • French Nobility Divided • Scotland supported France • Economic Reasons • Flanders (FR) nobility supported France • Merchants relied on English Wool trade

31. Controversy over succession for French Throne Phillip VI King Edward III Nephew of Charles IV Son of Isabella, and thus part of femaleblood line King of England • Nephew of Phillip the Fair • Part of the male blood line • French nobles support Phillip VI

32. War Characteristics • Series of short raids and expeditions • Few major battles • Truces & treaties proved ineffective • Internal conflicts perpetuated the conflict

33. Advantages France England French Disunity Weapons Longbow Cannon Strategy Short, quick raids Steal what you can, destroy everything else Kidnap knights for ransom • Population • 16 million • Able to establish much larger army • Wealth • More wealth to contribute to war effort in comparison to England

34. English Successes • Crecy (1346) • Success of longbows against French knights and cavalry • 1st use of cannon is West • Result: French Confusion English slaughter French • Poitiers (1356) • Same tactics as Crecy • British able to capture and ransom French king • Agincourt (1415) • Henry V led smaller British forces • Result: • Henry goes on to conquer much of Northern France, and marries French king daughter (Catherine). • Poised to rule both GB & FR, but dies unexpectedly in 1422 leaves infant son as king.

35. Its arrows had more penetrating power crossbow. Could pierce an inch of wood or the armor of a knight at 200 yards! A longbow could be fired more rapidly. 6 arrows per minute. The Longbowas a Weapon

36. The British Longbow:The Battle of Poitiers, 1356

37. The Effective Use of the Cannon at Poitiers, 1356

38. Agincourt (1415) • Henry V led smaller British forces and able to lure French army to poor strategic position • Result: • Henry goes on to conquer much of Northern France, • Treaty of Troyes: marries French king daughter (Catherine) to secure both GB & FR thrones, • Dies unexpectedly in 1422leaves infant son as king. Henry V V

39. Height of English Dominance

40. French Successes • Joan of Arc • Peasant girl who experienced voices and visions to expel the British from France • Orleans (1429) • Joan of Arc able to rally French troops, and secures a French victory  GB retreats • Result: Joan named co-commander of French Army • In 1430, Joan captured by GB allies • King Charles VII refused to ransom her, and she was sold to British • British charged with heresy, and she was burned at the stake

41. France Becomes Unified! France in 1453 France in 1337

42. Aftermath of the War • France • Thousands were killed • Thousands of acres of fertile farmland destroyed • Disruption of trade routes • Financial cost of war and taxation led to unhappy peasants • Strengthened French crown  led to unification • Great Britain • Huge financial loss resulting in taxation  led to civil unrest • English Civil War, Peasant revolt, Jacquerie • Wool trade significantly hurt on an international level • Development of English Parliamentary system (representative gov’t) • Significant improvements in weaponry • Growth of Nationalism

43. V. Social Unrest in a Changing Society A. Peasant Revolts 1. Flanders (1320s) 2. Jacquerie (1358) 3. English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) B. Urban Conflicts 1. Roots of Revolt 2. “Honor” Uprisings

45. V. Social Unrest in a Changing Society C. Sex in the City 1. Late Age of First Marriage 2. Prostitution 3. Rape 4. Homosexuality D. Fur-Collar Crime 1. Noble Bandits 2. Robin Hood

46. V. Social Unrest in a Changing Society E. Ethnic Tensions and Restrictions 1. Ethnic Diversity and Colonization 2. Legal Dualism 3. “Purity of the Blood” F. Literacy and Vernacular Literature 1. Dante’s Divine Comedy (1310–1320) 2. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (1387–1400) 3. Spread of Lay Literacy

47. The “Calamitous” 14th Century • How do we judge/determine the importance of a development/event/person to history? • What makes each of these 14th Century events so important? • Black Death • 100 Years’ War • Great Schism