Electronic Filing and Calculating

1. Electronic Filingand Calculating

2. Learning Objectives • Multiplication • Division • Combining Operations • Fractions, Decimals, Percents

3. Multiplication is repeated addition. Multiplicand (first number) is added to itself as many times as there are units in the multiplier (number of times multiplicand is multiplied). The results or answer is the product. Multiplication

4. Multiplication ofWhole Numbers • Clear the calculator (CE). • Set decimal selector to 0. • Key 146 and strike the [x] key. • Key 48 and tap the [+/=] key. • Did you get 7,008? • Complete problems 2 through 4. • Complete 5 through 10 on own.

5. Rounding Function A business will often round an answer rather than carry it out to the maximum number of decimal places.

6. Unrounded Products • Set Decimal Selector on floating to calculate problems 11-20. • Answer will be carried out to the total number of decimal places in the multiplicand and multiplier. • Clear the calculator (CE). • Select Floating Decimal (F) key. • Key 5.43 and strike the [x] key. • Key .73 and tap the [+/=] key. • Did you get 3.9639? • Complete problems 12 through 14.

7. 5/4 Round Position • Rounds answers to the place value set on the Decimal Selector. If first number to right of set number of decimal places is five or more, one is added; if less than five, that number is dropped.

8. Practice 5/4 Rounding • Many business calculations require at least two decimal places. • Clear the calculator (CE). • Set Decimal Selector on 2. • Set Rounding Selector on 5/4 to calculate problems 21-30. • Key 54.62 and strike the [x] key. • Key .13 and tap the [+/=] key. • Did you get 7.10? • Complete problems 22 through 24. • Complete 25-30 on own.

9. Round Up • Answers are rounded up at the number of decimal places set on the Decimal Selector.

10. Practice Rounding Up • If a dollar amount has more than two decimal places, many businesses will round up (all answers regardless of place value are rounded up). • Clear the calculator (CE). • Set Decimal Selector on 2. • Set Rounding Selector on [↑] round up key to calculate problems 31-40. • Key 26.23 and strike the [x] key. • Key .46 and tap the [+/=] key. • Did you get 12.07? • Complete problems 32 through 34. • Complete 35 through 40 on own.

11. Round Down • Answers are cut off at the number of decimal places set on the Decimal Selector.

12. Round Down • If no rounding is necessary, cut off the decimal places. • Clear the calculator (CE). • Set Decimal Selector on 2. • Set Rounding Selector on [↓] round down key to calculate problems 41-48. • Key 616.47 and strike the [x] key. • Key.25 and tap the [+/=] key. • Did you get 154.11? • Complete problems 42 through 44. • Complete 45 through 48 on own.

13. Constant Multiplication A constant is a number that is repeated in a series of multiplication problems. The first number entered is the constant.

14. Practice Constant • Calculate the problem: • Clear the calculator (CE). • Set Decimal Selector on 0. • Activate the [K] constant function. • Key 75 [x] 165 [+/=]. Did you get 12,375? • Key 264 [+/=]. Did you get 19,800? • Key 328 [+/=]. Did you get 24,600? • Key 789 [+/=]. Did you get 59,175? • Complete problems 50 and 51. • Complete 52 through 54 on own.

15. Multifactor Multiplication Multifactor multiplication is multiplying three or more factors (entries) in one problem.

16. Practice Multifactor Multiplication • Solve the problem: • Clear the calculator (CE). • Set Decimal Selector on 2. • Set Rounding Selector on 5/4 to calculate problems 55-68. • Key 312 and strike the [x] key. • Key 70 and strike the [x] key. • Key 9 and tap the [+/=] key. • Did you get 196,560.00? • Complete problems 56 through 58. • Complete 59 through 68 on own.

17. Accumulation of Products Many business calculations require accumulating the products of two or more multiplication problems to obtain a grand total.

18. Practice Accumulation of Products • Calculate the following: • Clear the calculator (CE). • Set Decimal Selector on 2. • Set Rounding Selector on 5/4 to calculate problems 69 through 78. • Set [GT] function. Con’t next slide.

19. Practice Accumulation of Products (con’t) • Key 2.56 [x] 68 [+/=]. • Key 9.41 [x] .25 [+/=]. • Key 3.02 [x] 84 [+/=]. • Strike the [GT] key. • Did you get 430.11? • Complete problems 70 through 72 in class. • Complete 73 through 78 on own.

20. Calculating Gross Profit The difference between revenue and the cost of making a product or providing a service, before deducting overheads, payroll, taxation, and interest payments.

21. Calculating Gross Profit (con’t) • Read Task Application on p. 30 • Formula for solving problems 79-83. • Figure company charge ($125/hr. times # of hrs.) • Figure programmer charge (wages per hr. times # of hrs.) • Figure profit • Company charge [M+] • Programmer cost [M-] • Profit [*M]

22. Practice Calculating Gross Profit • Clear the calculator (CE). • Set decimal on 2 • Set constant (K) function • Use the number of hrs. (110) as a constant and multiply by hrly. Rate ($125) to calculate total charge. Add total charge to memory [M+] (110 x 125 M+) Answer = $13,750.00 • Enter wages per hr. ($45) and strike the (M-) key to calculate the total cost ($4950.00). • Strike the Memory Total Key (M*) to obtain gross profit ($8,800.00). • Complete problems 79 and 80 in class. • Complete 81 through 83 on own.

23. Division of Whole Numbers and Fractions

24. Division • Division is the process of separating a number into parts. It is repeated subtraction. • The dividend (number to be divided) is separated into parts by the divisor (number repeatedly subtracted from the dividend). • The result is the quotient (answer). • When the divisor cannot be subtract an even number of times, the quotient will have a remainder (number left) expressed as a decimal fraction.

25. Practice Division Round Up • Division key is [÷]. • Set Decimal Selector on 3. • Clear the calculator (CE). • Set Rounding Selector on [↑] round up key to calculate problems 31-40. • Key 6,483 and strike the [÷] key. • Key 89 and tap the [+/=] key. • Did you get 72.843? • Complete problems 2 through 4. • Complete 5 through 10 on own.

26. Practice Division 5/4 Position • Solve the following: • Clear the calculator (CE). • Set Decimal Selector on 2. • Set Rounding Selector on 5/4. • Key 5483 and strike the [÷] key. • Key .89 and tap the [+/=] key. • Did you get 61.61? • Complete problems 12 through 14. • Complete 15 through 20 on own.

27. Practice Constant Division • Tap the dividend number, then [÷], then the constant divisor number, and then [=]. Do not clear answer but enter the next dividend and [+/=]. The constant number is the second number you enter. • Clear the calculator (CE). • Set Decimal Selector on 2 and Rounding Selector on 5/4. • Activate [K] constant function. Con’t next slide

28. Practice Constant Division (con’t) • Key 279 and strike the [÷] key. • Key 12 and tap the [+/=] key. • Key 831 and tap the [+/=] key. • Key 249 and tap the [+/=] key. • Key 406 and tap the [+/=] key. • Complete 22 in class. Clear calculator before going to next problem. • Complete 23 and 24 on own.

29. Accumulation of Quotients The quotients of two or more division problems may be accumulated automatically on the calculator.

30. Accumulation of Quotients • Clear the calculator (CE). • Set the Decimal Selector on 2 • Set Rounding Selector on 5/4 • Set selector to GT (accumulation) • Key 856 [÷] 260 [+/=] • Key 3,832 [÷] 5.21 [+/=] • Key 321 [÷] 76 [+/=] • Strike [GT] key • Did you get 743.02? • Complete problems 26 through 28. • Complete 29 and 30 on own.

31. Calculating a Simple Average An average (a single number that represents a group of numbers) is found by adding the numbers and dividing the sum by the number of addends in the group.

32. Practice Calculating Simple Average • Clear the calculator (CE). • Set Decimal Selector on 2 • Set Rounding Selector on 5/4 • Add all numbers—412 [+] 451 [+] 503 [+] 662 [+] 485 [+] • Key the [÷] key • Key 5 and tap the [+/=] key • Did you get 502.60? • Complete problems 32 and 33. • Complete 34 and 35 on own.

33. Combining Operations

34. Combining Operations • Solving business problems often requires more than one mathematical operation. • When parentheses are in a problem, the process inside the parentheses should be calculated first. • When there are no parentheses, or more than one set of parentheses, calculate from left to right.

35. Problems 1-32 • Do the first three problems in each section. • Be sure and read the directions on page 36 before trying the problems. • Make sure you understand each group before advancing on to the next section. • Remember to clear the calculator before attempting the next problem.

36. Problems 33-40 • Clear calculator. • Set Decimal Selector on Floating. • Calculate product of first operation. • Strike [M+] key. • Calculate product of second operation. • Strike [M-] key. • Strike [*M] key.

37. Problems 41-48 Do not do.

38. Problems 49-64 Read directions on page 40 and complete problems 49 through 51 and 57 through 59 in class.

39. Fractions, Decimals, Percents

40. Understanding Fractions • A fraction results when a whole number is divided into parts. • The numerator (number of parts) is written above the line. • The denominator (number of equal parts into which the whole is divided) is written below the line. • To reduce a fraction to lower terms, divide the numerator and denominator by a number that will exactly divide into both numbers.

41. What does that mean? • If a case is eight cans, eight represents the whole case and is the denominator. • If three cans are sold, that means there are five left. Five is a part of the case and is the numerator. So there is 5/8 of a case left.

42. Improper Fractions • When the parts are greater than the whole, the numerator is greater than the denominator. • Using eight cans in a case, 11/8 represents one whole case plus three additional cans. • It can be expressed as a mixed number by indicating the number of whole parts and the fraction of the whole (1 3/8).

43. Expressing a Fraction as a Decimal • Fractions may be converted into a decimal fraction when using division with a calculator. • Think of a fraction as a division problem with the line that separates the numerator from the denominator as a division sign. • 3/8 can be written as 3 [÷] 8 or .375 • With a mixed number, the fraction and whole number are separated by decimal point (14 2/3 is 14.667.) (2 [÷] 3 = .667)

44. Converting Fractions toDecimal Equivalents • For problems 1-10 • Clear calculator (CE) • Set Decimal Selector on 6 (since there’s no 4) • Set Rounding Selector on 5/4 • Divide to calculate the decimal equivalent of the fractions for problems 1 through 10 in class. • Carry all answers to four decimal places. Drop any ending zeros when recording answers.

45. Using the Aliquot Parts Chart • In business calculations, frequently used fractions are thirds, fourths, fifths, sixths, and eighths. These fractions can be divided into the whole number 100 w/o a remainder. • For problems 11-20, use the aliquot chart to enter the fraction as a decimal and calculate the answer. • For fractions not on chart, convert to decimal and round to four decimal places.

46. Mentally Reduce Fractionsto Lowest Terms • Many of the aliquot parts represent the same decimal fractions. • ½, 2/4, 3/6, and 4/8 all equal half of the whole • 1/3 and 2/6 represent a third of the whole • ¼ and 2/8 represent a fourth of the whole • 2/3 and 4/6 represent two-thirds of the whole

47. Expressing Fraction orDecimal as Percent • Percent means by hundredth • Per means by • Cent means hundredth • A percent expresses a relationship between two numbers and is used in business calculations to show comparison of figures. • Percents are another way of writing decimals and fractions.

48. What does this mean? • When there are eight cans in a case, the eight cans represent 100 percent of the case. • If three cans are sold, they are 3/8 (fraction) or .375 (decimal) of the case. • To convert a decimal to a percent, multiply by 100 (.375 x 100 = 37.5%.)(This conversion can be done mentally by moving the decimal point to the right and adding the percent sign.) To convert percent to decimal, percent is divided by 100 or move decimal point two places to the left and drop percent sign.

49. Convert Decimals to Percents Mentally convert the decimals to percents in problems 25-34

50. Percents to Decimals • To convert percent to decimal, percent is divided by 100 or move decimal point two places to the left and drop percent sign. • For 37.5% (37.5 [÷] 100 =.375)