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Teaching High School Geometry

Teaching High School Geometry. New York City Department of Education Department of Mathematics. Agenda. Content and Process Strands Geometry Course Topics and Activities Topics New to High School Geometry Looking at the New Regents Exam. New York City Department of Education

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Teaching High School Geometry

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  1. Teaching High School Geometry New York City Department of Education Department of Mathematics

  2. Agenda • Content and Process Strands • Geometry Course Topics and Activities • Topics New to High School Geometry • Looking at the New Regents Exam New York City Department of Education Department of Mathematics

  3. New Mathematics Regents Implementation / Transition Timeline

  4. Standard 3 The Three Components • Conceptual Understanding consists of those relationships constructed internally and connected to already existing ideas. • Procedural Fluencyis the skill in carrying out procedures flexibly, accurately, efficiently, and appropriately. • Problem Solving is the ability to formulate, represent, and solve mathematical problems.

  5. Performance Indicator Organization

  6. Standard 3 Content and Process Strands

  7. Comparison of 1998 Seven Key Ideas and 2005 Process and Content Strands

  8. Geometry Bands •Shapes •Geometric Relationships •Constructions •Locus •Informal Proofs •Formal Proofs  •Transformational Geometry •Coordinate Geometry

  9. Which topics are in the new geometry course?

  10. PerformanceTopicsIndicators 1 – 9 Perpendicular lines and planes 10 – 16 Properties and volumes of three- dimensional figures, including prism, regular pyramid, cylinder, right circular cone, sphere

  11. Volume and Surface Areaof Rectangular Prism

  12. PerformanceTopicsIndicators 17 – 21 Constructions: angle bisector, perpendicular bisector, parallel through a point, equilateral triangle; 22, 23 Locus: concurrence of median, altitude, angle bisector, perpendicular bisector; compound loci

  13. PerformanceTopicsIndicators 24 – 27 Logic and proof: negation, truth value, conjunction, disjunction, conditional, biconditional, inverse, converse, contrapositive; hypothesis → conclusion 28, 29 Triangle congruence (SSS, SAS,ASA, AAS, HL) and corresponding parts

  14. Area Without Numbers

  15. PerformanceTopicsIndicators 30 – 48 Investigate, justify and apply theorems (angles and polygons): Sum of angle measures (triangles and polygons): interior and exterior Isosceles triangle Geometric inequalities Triangle inequality theorem Largest angle, longest side Transversals and parallel lines

  16. PerformanceTopicsIndicators 30 – 48 Investigate, justify and apply theorems (angles and polygons): Parallelograms (including special cases), trapezoids Line segment joining midpoints, line parallel to side (proportional) Centroid Similar triangles (AA, SAS, SSS) Mean proportional Pythagorean theorem, converse

  17. Exhibit: Semantic Feature Analysis Matrix

  18. PerformanceTopicsIndicators 49 – 53 Investigate, justify and apply theorems (circles): Chords: perpendicular bisector. relative lengths Tangent lines Arcs, rays (lines intersecting on, inside, outside) Segments intersected by circle along tangents, secants

  19. Center of a CircleFind different ways, as many as you can, to determine the center of a circle. Imagine that you have access to tools such as compass, ruler, square corner, protractor, etc.Be able to justify that you have found the center.

  20. PerformanceTopicsIndicators 54 – 61 Transformations Isometries (rotations, reflections, translations, glide reflections) Use to justify geometric relationships Similarities (dilations) Properties that remain invariant

  21. Fold and Punch Take a square piece of paper. Fold it and make one punch so that you will have one of the following patterns when you open it.

  22. Reflective Symmetry Translational Symmetry Rotational Symmetry Venn Symmetry

  23. PerformanceTopicsIndicators 62 – 68 Coordinate geometry: Distance, midpoint, slope formulas to find equations of lines perpendicular, parallel, and perpendicular bisector

  24. PerformanceTopicsIndicators 69 Coordinate geometry: Properties of triangles and quadrilaterals 70 Coordinate geometry: Linear- quadratic systems

  25. Area of a Triangle on a Coordinate Plane Two vertices of a triangle are located at (0,6) and (0,12). The area of the triangle is 12 units2.

  26. PerformanceTopicsIndicators 71 – 74 Coordinate geometry: Circles: equations, graphs (centered on and off origin)

  27. About 20% of the topics in the new Geometry course have not been addressed in previous high school courses.

  28. Which topics have not been addressed in previous high school courses?

  29. centroid circumcenter incenter of a triangle orthocenter

  30. centroid (G)The point of concurrency of the medians of a triangle; the center of gravity in a triangle. circumcenter (G) The center of the circle circumscribed about a polygon; the point that is equidistant from the vertices of any polygon. incenter of a triangle (G)The center of the circle that is inscribed in a triangle; the point of concurrence of the three angle bisectors of the triangle which is equidistant from the sides of the triangle. orthocenter (G)The point of concurrence of the three altitudes of a triangle.

  31. isometry symmetry plane

  32. isometry (G)A transformation of the plane that preserves distance. If P′ is the image of P, and Q′ is the image of Q, then the distance from P′ to Q′ is the same as the distance from P to Q. symmetry plane (G) A plane that intersects a three-dimensional figure such that one half is the reflected image of the other half.

  33. A Symmetry Plane

  34. Geometric Relationships 1Theorems and Postulates G.G.1 If a line is perpendicular to each of two intersecting lines at their point of intersection, then the line is perpendicular to the plane determined by them G.G.2 Through a given point there passes one and only one plane perpendicular to a given line G.G.3 Through a given point there passes one and only one line perpendicular to a given plane G.G.4 Two lines perpendicular to the same plane are coplanar G.G.5 Two planes are perpendicular to each other if and only if one plane contains a line perpendicular to the second plane

  35. G.G.1b Study the drawing below of a pyramid whose base is quadrilateral ABCD. John claims that line segment EF is the altitude of the pyramid. Explain what John must do to prove that he is correct.

  36. G.G.3a Examine the diagram of a right triangular prism. Describe how a plane and the prism could intersect so that the intersection is: a line parallel to one of the triangular bases a line perpendicular to the triangular bases a triangle a rectangle a trapezoid

  37. G.G.4b The figure below in three-dimensional space, where AB is perpendicular to BC and DC is perpendicular to BC, illustrates that two lines perpendicular to the same line are not necessarily parallel. Must two lines perpendicular to the same plane be parallel? Discuss this problem with a partner.

  38. Geometric Relationships 2More Theorems and Postulates G.G.6 If a line is perpendicular to a plane, then any line perpendicular to the given line at its point of intersection with the given plane is in the given plane G.G.7 If a line is perpendicular to a plane, then every plane containing the line is perpendicular to the given plane G.G.8 If a plane intersects two parallel planes, then the intersection is two parallel lines G.G.9 If two planes are perpendicular to the same line, they are parallel

  39. G.G.7a Examine the four figures below: Each figure has how many symmetry planes? Describe the location of all the symmetry planes for each figure.

  40. G.G.9a The figure below shows a right hexagonal prism. A plane that intersects a three-dimensional figure such that one half is the reflected image of the other half is called a symmetry plane. On a copy of the figure sketch a symmetry plane. Then write a description of the symmetry plane that uses the word parallel. On a copy of the figure sketch another symmetry plane. Then write a description that uses the word perpendicular.

  41. Geometric Relationships 3Prisms G.G.10 The lateral edges of a prism are congruent and parallel G.G.11 Two prisms have equal volumes if their bases have equal areas and their altitudes are equal

  42. G.G.11a Examine the prisms below. Calculate the volume of each of the prisms. Observe your results and make a mathematical conjecture. Share your conjecture with several other students and formulate a conjecture that the entire group can agree on. Write a paragraph that proves your conjecture.

  43. Locus G.G.21 Concurrence of medians, altitudes, angle bisectors, and perpendicular bisectors of triangles

  44. G.G.21a Using dynamic geometry software locate the circumcenter, incenter, orthocenter, and centroid of a given triangle. Use your sketch to answer the following questions: Do any of the four centers always remain inside the circle? If a center is moved outside the triangle, under what circumstances will it happen? Are the four centers ever collinear? If so, under what circumstances? Describe what happens to the centers if the triangle is a right triangle.

  45. Informal and Formal Proofs 1 G.G.43 Theorems about the centroid of a triangle, dividing each median into segments whose lengths are in the ratio 2:1

  46. G.G.43a The vertices of a triangle ABC are A(4,5), B(6,1), and C(8,9). Determine the coordinates of the centroid of triangle ABC and investigate the lengths of the segments of the medians. Make a conjecture.

  47. Informal and Formal Proofs 2Similarity G.G.46 Theorems about proportional relationships among the segments of the sides of the triangle, given one or more lines parallel to one side of a triangle and intersecting the other two sides of the triangle

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