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CHAPTER 10

CHAPTER 10. A LOOK TO THE FUTURE: TRENDS IN THE FUNCTIONS AND ROLES OF THE HUMAN SERIVCE PROFESSIONAL. Trends in Client Populations. The Incarcerated, Their Families, and the Victims of Crime In 2004, 6.4 Million in Jail, on Probation, or on Parole (3% of Americans)

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CHAPTER 10

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  1. CHAPTER 10 A LOOK TO THE FUTURE: TRENDS IN THE FUNCTIONS AND ROLES OF THE HUMAN SERIVCE PROFESSIONAL

  2. Trends in Client Populations • The Incarcerated, Their Families, and the Victims of Crime • In 2004, 6.4 Million in Jail, on Probation, or on Parole (3% of Americans) • Most Prisoners: Undereducated, Abused as Children, Came from Dysfunctional Families, Substance Abusers • Needed: A Multisystem Approach That Addresses These Clients and Their Issues • HS Professionals Will Increasingly Be Working Within the Criminal Justice System

  3. Trends in Client Populations (Cont’d) • Individuals who are HIV-Positive • U.S.: Over 1 Million are HIV-Positive. • Worldwide: 39 Million are HIV-Positive or have AIDS (most from sub-Saharan Africa) • HS Professionals Will be Important in Education and Deliverer of Counseling Services • Ethical Dilemmas May Be More Common If HIV-Positive Individuals Practice Unprotected Sex • See Box 10.1, p. 295

  4. Trends in Client Populations (Cont’d) • The Homeless and the Poor • 37 Million Americans Are Poor (12.7% of Population) • 13 Million Children (17.8%) Live in Poverty • Three Million Americans Homeless in Any One Year • Face of Homeless Has Changed: More Children and Families • Minorities Are Disproportionately Represented (See Fig. 10.1, p. 298) • McKinney Act Provides Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse Treatment and Other Services for Poor—But Not Enough • Negative Results of Homelessness & Poverty: Despair, Hopelessness, Increased Illnesses (See Box 10.2, p. 297) • HSP Will Be Work With These Individuals

  5. Trends in Client Populations (Cont’d) • Older People • 1900: 3% of US Was Over 65 • By 2030: 20% • Needs: Income Assistance, Health Care, Housing Employment, Leisure Activities, Environmental Assistance • Facilities: Mental Health Centers, Long-Term Care Facilities, Senior Centers, Programs Offered Through Religious Organizations and Social Service Agencies • More HS Professionals Will be Needed to Work With This Growing Population • See Box 10.3, p. 300

  6. Trends in Client Populations (Cont’d) • The Chronically Mentally Ill • 1955: 560,000 In Psychiatric Hospitals • 1995: 69,00 in Psychiatric Hospitals • Fewer Today Because More In Outpatient Treatment Due To: • Better Drugs • Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 • Donaldson v. O’Connor and Deinstitutionalization • See Box 10.4, p. 301 • HSP Will Work With These Individuals in Many Outpatient Settings

  7. Trends in Client Populations (Cont’d) • People with Disabilities • Almost 50 Million of Americans 5 or Older Have a Disability • Individuals With Disability Are Denied Jobs, Educational Opportunities, Access to Business and Recreational Facilities • They are Stigmatized and Infantilized • Federal Laws Passed to Help: • PL9-142 and IDEIA • Rehabilitation Act • American with Disabilities Act • With Advances in Medicine--More Individuals With Disabilities • HSP Will Be Working with These Individuals in Many Settings

  8. Trends in Client Populations (Cont’d) • Individuals at Risk for Chemical Dependence • 22.5 million (9.4%) were abusing or dependent • 15.2 million (6.4%) were dependent on or abused alcohol • 19.1 million (7.9%) were actively using illicit drugs • 121 million (50.3%) drank alcohol • 16.7 million (6.9%) were heavy drinkers • 55 million (22.8 %) had participated in binge drinking • 3.8 million (1.6%) had received treatment • HSP Will Be Working in Hospital Detox Units, Halfway Houses, Drug and Alcohol Treatment Centers, Etc., in the Future

  9. Technology in Human Service Work • Very Large Percentage of Americans Now Own Computers • HSPs Use Computers in Many Ways Today • Managing Caseloads • Record Keeping • Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis • Case Conceptualization • Personality Assessment • Career Counseling • Documentation • Billing • Marketing • Assisting Clients in Learning New Skills

  10. Technology in Human Service Work (Cont’d) • HSP Use the Internet in Many Ways • E-mail • Professional Association Home Pages • Distribution Lists • Video Streaming • Web-Based Courses • Web-Based Portfolios • Counseling On-line (See Box 10.5, p. 304) • Ethical Codes Now Address Counseling Online • Online Journal: Journal of Technology • Will Continue To Cause Changes in Delivery of Services

  11. Standards in the Profession • Four Standards That Will Be Prominent in the Future • Program Accreditation • Expectation: More Programs Will become Accredited • Ethical Codes • Increased Use and New Revision • Skills Standards • More Qualified Practitioners As Result • Credentialing • Phase 1: Apply If Graduated From Accredited Program • Phase 2: Portfolio Application Process

  12. A Developmental and Primary Prevention Emphasis • Developmental Emphasis Expanding: • In the Schools • Wellness Throughout Life Span • Client’s Readiness To Move On to Higher Stages

  13. A Developmental and Primary Prevention Emphasis (Cont’d • Primary Prevention: Preventing Problems Before They Happen • Secondary Prevention: Controlling Nonsevere Mental Health Problems • Tertiary Prevention: Controlling Serious Mental Health Problems • See Figure 10.2, p. 306 • If Knowledgeable About What is Likely to Occur Developmentally, You Can Prepare Appropriate Workshops to Ease People Through Stages

  14. Managed Health Care • Continued Expansion of Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) • Maintain Costs by Focusing on Primary Prevention and Early Detection of Problems • May Higher More HSPs Who Can Offer Primary Prevention Services

  15. Medical Breakthroughs and Mental Health • Professionals Will Help Clients Make Complex Decisions Regarding Their Health • E.g., Medical Decisions That May Prolong Life • Affects of Medical Procedures on Families • Whether to Know if One is Likely to Acquire a Disease (Genetic Testing) • Whether to Become Pregnant With Children Who are Likely to Acquire a Disease • How the Use of Medicine Might Affect Client and Family • HS Professionals Will Need to be Versed on Medical Aspects and on Ethics Associated With Them

  16. Increased Focus on Multicultural Issues • Multicultural Counseling is a Hot Topic!!! We Will See: • Increased Training • New Theories and Models • Increased Research on the Efficacy of Varying Counseling Approaches With Diverse Clients • Human Service Professionals Must Have: • Knowledge About Other Cultures • The Skills Necessary in Working With Diverse Populations • The Proper Attitudes When Working With Individuals of Varying Cultural Backgrounds • Increased Focus on Providing a Multicultural Workplace in Attitude, Whose Employed and Types of Clients

  17. Stress, Cynicism and Burnout: Understanding and Combating It • Human Service Work is a High‑Stress Field • HSPs Sometimes Develop Compassion Fatigue/Vicarious Traumatization Syndrome • Hans Selye: Stress is an Adaptive Response to a Changing Situation • Can Be Healthy • Can Cause Disease • Combating Stress • Indivisible Self Model • Complete Five Factor Analysis (Box 10.6, p. 310)

  18. Stress, Cynicism and Burnout: Understanding and Combating It (Cont’d) • Carl Whitaker Suggests the Following to Stay Healthy • Place Yourself As a Priority • Learn How to Love • Listen to Your Impulses • Listen to Your Inner Voice, • Listen to Others • Enjoy Your Significant Other More Than Anyone Else • Fracture Role Structures and Challenge Authority • Build Long‑Term Relationships so You Feel Safe to Express Your Feelings • Act "Crazy" and Whimsical • Face the Fact That You must • Grow until You Die

  19. Your Future in the Human Services • Trends in Jobs and Earnings • 2006: 352,000 Jobs in Human Services • Job Growth Is Expected To Be “Faster Than Average” • Today, 1/3 Employed by State and Local Government • Best Opportunities May Be in Private Social Service Agencies, Residential Care, and Independent Living

  20. Your Future in the Human Services (Cont’d) • Best Opportunities Might Be In • Agencies Working With Teens • Substance Abusers, Homeless • Mentally Ill, • Developmentally Challenged • Human Service Professionals Will Need More Advanced Degrees, Some Kind of On‑the‑Job Experience, and/or Internship for Employment • Median Salary in 2006: $24,270

  21. Finding a Job andApplying to Graduate School • Networking (See Box 10.7, p. 311) • Developing a Résumé • Devising a Portfolio • Looking Good and Being Prepared for the Interview • Going on an Informational Interview • Other • Apply Directly to Employer • Respond to, or Place Ad in Newspaper or Professional Journal • Go to Employment Agency • Utilize College Placement Office

  22. Program Accreditation Client Emphasis Philosophical Orientation Counseling Specialties Offered Degree Requirements Correlation with Certification Requirements Degree Granted Entry Requirements Location Size Faculty-Student Ratio Location of Field Experiences Placement of Recent Graduates Cost Availability of Scholarships and Loans Points to Consider When Applying to a Graduate School

  23. Locating a Graduate Program • Some Sources Include (See Book for Addresses and Web Sites) • Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Ed. Programs (CACREP) • Master’s & Doctoral Programs in Counseling, Book: Counselor Preparation 1999-2001: Programs, Faculty, Trends • American Psychological Association (APA) • National Council on Rehabilitation Education, Inc. • Commission on Accreditation of Marriage and Family Therapy Education • Association for Clinical Pastoral Education, Inc. • Council on Social Work Education • American Art Therapy Association

  24. Some Specifics to Applying to Graduate School • Meeting Deadlines • Completing Forms • Take a Cognitive Ability Test • Writing an Essay • Interviewing • Submitting a Résumé • Submitting a Portfolio • Being Admitted, Being Denied

  25. Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues: Continuing Education • Learning Is a Lifelong Process • Join Your Professional Associations • Participate in Workshops • Take Additional Coursework • Earn an Advanced Degree • Get a Credential • Other ????

  26. The Developmentally Mature Human Service Professional • Anxious about Change, Desirous of Change, Hopeful about the Future • Take on New Challenges, Even If They’re Scary • Be Positive and Hopeful about the Future • Look Ahead

  27. Experiential Exercises and Ethical and Professional Vignettes • See Pages 318-324

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