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CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM. MALAYSIA POWER SYSTEM. OVERVIEW. NATIONAL GRID. HV electric power transmission in Peninsular Malaysia, operated and owned by TNB. Malaysia’s electric utility companies with state grids: (a) Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) – National Grid

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CHAPTER 1

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  1. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO POWER SYSTEM

  2. MALAYSIA POWER SYSTEM

  3. OVERVIEW

  4. NATIONAL GRID • HV electric power transmission in Peninsular Malaysia, operated and owned by TNB. • Malaysia’s electric utility companies with state grids: (a) TenagaNasionalBerhad (TNB) – National Grid (b) Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd. (SESB) (c) Sarawak Electricity Sdn. Bhd (SESCO) • Electricity generation stations: (a) TNB (b) Independent Power Producer (IPP) HV=high voltage

  5. HISTORY

  6. GENERATION All figures are in megawatts Source: SuruhanjayaTenega (Energy Commission) Annual Report

  7. TRANSMISSION • 132kV, 275kV and 500kV • The 500 kV transmission system is the single largest transmission system to be ever developed in Malaysia. • The National Grid is linked via 132 kV HVAC and 300 kV HVDC interconnection to Thailand (300MW) and 230 kV submarine cables to Singapore (200MW).

  8. DISTRIBUTION • 33 kV, 22 kV, 11 kV, 6.6 kV and 415V/240V

  9. ENERGY POLICIES • The energy policy of Malaysia is determined by the Malaysian Government, which address issues of energy production, distribution, and consumption. • Government-linked companies PETRONAS and TNB are major players in Malaysia's energy sector. • Governmental agencies are: (a) Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (b) Energy Commission (SuruhanjayaTenaga) (c) Malaysia Energy Centre (PusatTenaga Malaysia).

  10. GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY

  11. Importance of Electricity • Convenient energy form -It can be converted from one energy form into any other form. -Eg: bulb glows when electricity passes through it (conversion of electrical energy into light energy) • Easiness to control -An electric motor can be started or stopped by turning ON or OFF a switch. • Flexibility -It can be easily transported from one place to another by using conductor.

  12. Importance of Electricity • Cheapness -It is much cheaper than other forms of energy and economical to use for domestic, commercial, and industrial purposes. • Cleanliness -It has no smoke, fumes, and poisonous gases. • High transmission efficiency -It can be transmitted efficiently from the centre of generation to the consumers by using transmission lines.

  13. ENERGY SOURCES FOR GENERATION

  14. SUN (SOLAR) • Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). • This heat can be used to produce steam and then electrical energy with the combination of turbine-generator. • Limitations: -It is not economical because it requires a large area for the generation of small amount of electrical power. -It cannot be used in cloudy days or night.

  15. CSP & PV The PS10 concentrates sunlight from a field of heliostats on a central tower. The PS10 concentrates sunlight from a field of heliostats on a central power. Nellis Solar Power Plant in US, one of the largest PV power plants in North America.

  16. WIND • The conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy. • Eg: wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, wind-pumps for water pumping, or sails to propel ships. • Limitations: -Unreliable because of uncertainty about wind pressure. -Power generated is quite small.

  17. WIND Wind power generators in Spain, near an Osborne bull. Aerial view of Lillgrund Wind Farm, Sweden

  18. WATER • The kinetic energy of flowing water can also be used to spin turbines to generate electricity. • Limitations: -It involves high capital cost due to construction dam. -There is uncertainty about the availability of huge amount of water due to dependence on weather conditions.

  19. WATER The Gordon Dam in Tasmania is a large hydro facility, with an installed capacity of 430 MW. Bakun Dam

  20. FUEL • The main sources of energy are fuels, solid fuel as coal, liquid fuel as oil and gas fuel as nature gas. • When the fuels are burnt, they release the heat energy to produce mechanical energy and later electrical energy. • Limitations: -Can contribute the air and water pollution. -High maintenance cost

  21. FUEL Montana's Natural Gas & Coal Fired Generation. Coal-fired power plants in Jewett, Texas.

  22. NUCLEAR • Nuclear energy means the part of the energy released by fusion or fission of URANIUM generate steam which drives the steam turbine-generator to produce electricity. • Limitations: -High cost of nuclear plant -Problem of disposal of radioactive waste -Dearth of trained personnel to handle the plant.

  23. NUCLEAR Nuclear power plants often have huge cooling towers.

  24. COMPARISON OF ENERGY SOURCES

  25. TYPES OF POWER PLANT

  26. HYDRO POWER PLANT Outflow during a test at the hydropower plant at the Hoover Dam, located on the Nevada-Arizona border. Russian “Sayano-Shushenskoe” (yep it’s hard to read name) hydro electric power plant is the biggest hydro power plant in Russia

  27. Typical layout

  28. OPERATION

  29. FUNCTION OF THE MAIN COMPONENTS

  30. Hydro electric generator • A turbine converts the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. • A generator converts this mechanical energy into electricity according to Faraday’s Law. • When the rotor turns, it causes the field poles to move past the conductors mounted in the stator. • This, in turn, causes electricity to flow and a voltage to develop at the generator output terminals."

  31. Pumped storage

  32. THERMAL / STEAM POWER PLANT

  33. TYPICAL LAYOUT

  34. SCHEMATIC LAYOUT The heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.

  35. OPERATION

  36. OPERATION (cont.)

  37. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

  38. SCHEMATIC LAYOUT

  39. OPERATION

  40. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF VARIOUS POWER PLANT

  41. THREE PHASE SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

  42. GENERATION OF 3-PHASE EMF

  43. GENERATION OF 3-PHASE EMF • 3 coils RR1, YY1 and BB1 are fixed 1200 apart. • Ends of each coil are connected to the slip rings. • The coils rotated anti-clockwise in a uniform magnetic field between the poles “N” and “S”. • EMF generation depends upon the position of the coil with respect to the magnetic field. • For the position in the above figure, EMFRR1=0V. • When moved by 900, EMFRR1= max . EMFYY1 and EMFBB1 have same magnitude as EMFRR1 but lag by 1200 and 2400 respectively.

  44. VECTOR DIAGRAM OF 3ϕSYSTEM

  45. SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM (SLD) • SLD is a graphical representation of electrical circuit drawn using single line instead of drawing 3 separate lines for 3 phases. • Elements on the diagram do not represent the physical size or location of the electrical equipment.

  46. SLD SYMBOLS

  47. Figure 1.7 : Single line diagram of simple electrical power system Step down transformer Load G Step up transformer Transmission line SLD DIAGRAM SLD DIAGRAM

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