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Case 6

Case 6. 58 year-old man from North America Married Recently moved to London. Case 6 : late 2005. Registered with GP - new patient check: Lipids normal Random glucose normal FBC normal - incidental finding: low platelets Referred to Haematology OPD. Case 6 : late 2005.

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Case 6

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  1. Case 6 58 year-old man from North America Married Recently moved to London

  2. Case 6: late 2005 Registered with GP - new patient check: • Lipids normal • Random glucose normal • FBC normal - incidental finding: low platelets Referred to Haematology OPD

  3. Case 6: late 2005 Seen in Haematology OPD (wife present) Investigations: • Platelet count 65 x 109/l (150 - 400 x 109/l) • No other symptoms • Patient stated: “No risk factors for HIV” • HIV test not performed • Bone marrow aspirate and trephine (megakaryocytes present consistent with peripheral destruction/consumption)

  4. Case 6: late 2005 Diagnosis: • ‘Auto-immune thrombocytopenia’ Plan: • Observe • GP to monitor platelet count • No plan for active treatment

  5. Case 6: late 2006 Patient re-referred by GP to Haematology • Platelet count 56 x 109/l (150 - 400 x 109/l) • Weight loss Reviewed by Gastroenterologist/Urologist • OGD, Colonoscopy, Cystoscopy performed: NAD • Patient stated: “No risk factors for HIV”

  6. Case 6: late 2006 • HIV test (after counselling): positive • Patient recalls being bisexual in 1980s/1990s and since • Referral to HIV team • CD4 146 (5%) • VL 94,000 • No opportunistic infection • Antiretroviral therapy commenced

  7. Case 6: summary 2005 Registered with GP, referral, low platelets 2005 Seen in Haematology, thrombocytopenia 2006 Re-referred to Haematology, low platelets 2006 Seen by Gastroenterology and Urology for weight loss 2006 HIV diagnosed: CD4 146: VL 94,000

  8. Q: At which of his healthcare interactions could HIV testing have been performed? • When he registered with his GP and was referred to Haematology? • When he was first seen in Haematology? • When he was seen by Gastroenterology and Urology for weight loss? • Only after being referred to GUM for counselling before HIV testing?

  9. Who can test?

  10. Who to test?

  11. Who to test?

  12. Rates of HIV-infected persons accessing HIV care by area of residence, 2007 Source: Health Protection Agency, www.hpa.org.uk

  13. Who to test?

  14. 4 missed opportunities! If current guidelines used, HIV could have been diagnosed at least 13 months earlier 2005 Registered with GP, referral, low platelets 2005 Seen in Haematology, thrombocytopenia 2006 Re-referred to Haematology, low platelets 2006 Seen by Gastroenterology and Urology for weight loss 2006 HIV diagnosed: CD4 146: VL 94,000

  15. Haematological presentationsin HIV infection Neutropenia Anaemia Thrombocytopenia HIV Lymphoma

  16. Thrombocytopenia in HIV+ • Mode of presentation in ~ 10% (Sullivan et al, 1997) • Thrombocytopenia in ~ 40% of patients • Platelet count < 50 x 109/l in 1 - 5% cases • Isolated thrombocytopenia • does not affect overall prognosis (Holzman et al, 1987) • May be managed differently from HIV negative patients

  17. Mechanisms underlying thrombocytopenia • Reduced production THINK HIV! • Generalised bone marrow failure • Selective megakaryocyte defects • Increased consumption THINK HIV! • Immune • Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) • Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) • Abnormal distribution • Sequestration (splenomegaly: infection, haemophagocytosis, cirrhosis) • Dilutional

  18. Classification of anaemias Microcytic, hypochromic Normocytic, normochromic Macrocytic MCV < 80 fl MCV 80 – 95 fl MCV > 95 fl MCH < 27 pg MCH > 27pg Fe deficiency Haemolytic anaemias Megaloblastic (immune, HUS, TTP, G6PD) B12 + folate Thalassaemia Acute blood loss Alcohol Lead poisoning Mixed deficiency Liver disease Sideroblastic anaemia Parvovirus, Infection (MAI) Myelodysplasia Drugs (septrin, dapsone, GCV)Drugs (AZT) ANAEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE HIV infection

  19. Learning Points • This man did not have an obvious risk factor when a medical history was initially taken • He had put himself at risk in the past but did not share this with anyone on routine questioning in outpatients as his wife was present • Because of this the otherwise excellent medical teams looking after him did not think of HIV even when the diagnosis seems obvious with hindsight • A perceived lack of risk should not deter you from offering a test when clinically indicated

  20. Key messages • The benefits of early diagnosis of HIV are well recognised - not offering HIV testing represents a missed opportunity • UK guidelines recommend screening for HIV in adult populations where undiagnosed prevalence is >1/1000 as it has been shown to be cost-effective • UK guidelines recommend routine opt-out HIV testing for patients with thrombocytopenia • HIV screening should become a routine test when investigating PUO, chronic diarrhoea or weight loss of otherwise unknown cause • UK guidelines recommend universal HIV testing for patients from groups at higher risk of HIV infection

  21. Also contains UK National Guidelines for HIV Testing 2008 from BASHH/BHIVA/BIS Available from: enquiries@medfash.bma.org.uk or 020 7383 6345

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