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Thinking Spatially

Thinking Spatially. That’s what we use maps for!. Map Projections and types of maps – The “where” of Geography. Map projection is the way we fit earth’s three-dimensional surface onto flat paper or a screen. Problems with distortion. Shape Distance Relative Size Direction.

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Thinking Spatially

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  1. Thinking Spatially That’s what we use maps for!

  2. Map Projections and types of maps – The “where” of Geography

  3. Map projection is the way we fit earth’s three-dimensional surface onto flat paper or a screen

  4. Problems with distortion • Shape • Distance • Relative Size • Direction

  5. Goode’s Projection

  6. Goode’s projection interrupts the oceans and tucks Australia and New Zealand farther west than in reality. Therefore, land masses appear relatively large compared to the oceans. • Minimized distortion in the shape of the various land masses and the size of one land mass compared to other land masses.

  7. Mercator Projection

  8. Mercator Projection • Stretches the poles from one length to the size of the equator. The north-south scale is constant, but east-west scale increases to twice the north-south scale at 60 degrees N and infinitely at the poles. • Shapes are correct for all areas, and map has correct directional relationships. • Look at the size of Greenland and Antarctica. • Map exaggerates the distance between Chicago and Stockholm, both in northern latitudes.

  9. Equal Area Projection

  10. Equal Area Projection • Represents areas correctly, but distorts shapes. • If South America is 8 times larger than Greenland on the globe, it will be 8 times bigger on the map.

  11. Robinson Projection

  12. Robinson Projection • Frequently used. • Distorts both size and shape, but not too much. • The major benefit of the Robinson projection is that oceans are uninterrupted. This projection is useful in depicting patterns of global interaction.

  13. Equal Area Projection

  14. Map Type – you can display the same information on different maps • A thematic map depicts a single feature, for example: climate, population, landform or land use. • Statistical – Demonstrate information - include dot, choropleth and proportional symbol • Types of maps: • Isoline – connects points of equal value • Choropleth – puts features into classes and then maps classes for each region • Cartogram – adjusts the size of the country corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature • Proportional symbol – size of the symbol corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature • Dot – each dot represents some frequency

  15. Isoline – connects points of equal value

  16. Choropleth – puts features into classes and then maps classes for each region

  17. Proportional symbol – size of the symbol corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature

  18. Cartogram – adjusts the size of the country corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature

  19. Dot – each dot represents some frequency Chart Map

  20. Dot distribution map

  21. Thematic- spatial distribution of one or more specific themes

  22. What kind of map is this?

  23. What kind of map is this?

  24. What kind of map is this?

  25. What kind of map is this?

  26. The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet is called remote sensing.

  27. Space/Location • Distribution – the arrangement of a feature in space. Three properties • Density – the frequency with which something occurs. • Concentration – the extent of a feature’s spread over space. Used to describe changes in distribution. • Clustered • Dispersed • Pattern – geometric arrangement of objects in space.

  28. Bottom line: hundreds of decisions are made in the making of a map, including scale, projection, and type. These decision ultimately determine the map’s message.

  29. Thinking Spatially – the why? Of geography

  30. Where? Why there? • There are many reasons for the patterns that you will see on maps • Types of patterns: • Space: Gap or interval between two objects • Connections: Relationships between people and objects across space • Types of distribution • Density • Concentration • Pattern

  31. Globalization • The spread of ideas throughout the entire world • McDonalds • “Globalization means that the scale of the world is shrinking – not literally in size… but in the ability of a person, object or idea to interact with a person, object, or idea in another place.”

  32. Transnational Corporations • A company that is spread throughout the world. Their headquarters may be in a different place than their manufacturing plants. Their customer service line may be in even another country.

  33. Culture • The body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that constitute the distinct tradition • What do people care about? • What do people take care of? • How can we “think spatially” about culture?

  34. What people care about • Beliefs • Language • Religion • Ethnicity

  35. What people take care of • Material possessions • Food • Clothing • Shelter • Government that protects (or doesn’t protect) things like material possessions • Are the people represented? • What are the benefits of being a citizen?

  36. MDC: More developed country • LDC: Less developed country • What makes a country developed? • Education, health care, government, safety • Name some countries that would be MDCs and name some LDCs

  37. DENSITY AND DIFFUSION

  38. Density • Geographers care about “space”. The arrangement of features within space is called DISTRIBUTION • DENSITY is the frequency with which something is distributed in space

  39. Arithmetic Density • Most often used • Total number of objects in an area • People per square mile or kilometer • Why is it important to talk about population density rather than just population?

  40. 1 million people 1 million people High population doesn’t necessarily mean high density

  41. Physiological Density • The number of people supported by a unit area of arable land • What do we mean by unit area? • What does arable land mean? • This is more about food and the land’s ability to support a population • Influences “carrying capacity • Technology can change this

  42. Agricultural Density • The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land • Why would we use agricultural density rather than physiological density?

  43. What are the pros and cons of each type of density measurement? • Choose three countries and quickly analyze their population density data: Look at all the information you have and tell me what we can learn.

  44. Physiological Density • The number of people per unit of arableland • Influences “carrying capacity” • Technology can override the negative of this figure

  45. Concentration • How a feature is spread over the space—are houses tight together—CLUSTERED or far apart DISPERSED

  46. Pattern • How are features arranged on the landscape—are they linear? Grid? Irregular? Urban?

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