Chapter 1 – 9 overview

1. Chapter 1 – 9 overview

2. An Introduction to Software Engineering Key points • Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production. • Software products consist of developed programs and associated documentation. • Essential product attributes are maintainability, dependability, efficiency and usability. • The software process consists of activities that are involved in developing software products. • Basic activities are software specification, development, validation and evolution.

3. An Introduction to Software Engineering Key points • CASE tools are software systems which are designed to support routine activities in the software process such as editing design diagrams, checking diagram consistency and keeping track of program tests which have been run. • Software engineers have responsibilities to the engineering profession and society. • They should not simply be concerned with technical issues. • Professional societies publish codes of conduct which set out the standards of behaviour expected of their members.

4. Socio-technical SystemsKey points • Socio-technical systems include computer hardware, software and people and are designed to meet some business goal. • Emergent properties are properties that are characteristic of the system as a whole and not its component parts. • The systems engineering process includes specification, design, development, integration and testing. System integration is particularly critical.

5. Socio-technical SystemsKey points • Human and organisational factors have a significant effect on the operation of socio-technical systems. • There are complex interactions between the processes of system procurement, development and operation. • A legacy system is an old system that continues to provide essential services. • Legacy systems include business processes, application software, support software and system hardware.

6. Software ProcessesKey points • Software processes are the activities involved in producing and evolving a software system. • Software process models are abstract representations of these processes. • General activities are specification, design and implementation, validation and evolution. • Generic process models describe the organisation of software processes. Examples include the waterfall model, evolutionary development and component-based software engineering. • Iterative process models describe the software process as a cycle of activities.

7. Software ProcessesKey points • Requirements engineering is the process of developing a software specification. • Design and implementation processes transform the specification to an executable program. • Validation involves checking that the system meets to its specification and user needs. • Evolution is concerned with modifying the system after it is in use. • The Rational Unified Process is a generic process model that separates activities from phases. • CASE technology supports software process activities.

8. Project managementKey points • Good sw project management is essential if sw engineering projects are to be developed on schedule and within the budget. • The intangible nature of software causes problems for management. • Managers have diverse roles but their most significant activities are planning, estimating and scheduling. • Planning and estimating are iterative processes which continue throughout the course of a project.

9. Project managementKey points • A project milestone is a predictable state where a formal report of progress is presented to management. • Deliverable is a milestone delivered to the project customer; • Project scheduling involves preparing various graphical representations showing project activities, their durations and staffing. • Risk management is concerned with identifying risks which may affect the project and planning to ensure that these risks do not develop into major threats.

10. Software RequirementsKey points • Requirements set out what the system should do and define constraints on its operation and implementation. • Functional requirements set out services the system should provide. • Non-functional requirements constrain the system being developed or the development process. • User requirements are high-level statements of what the system should do. User requirements should be written using natural language, tables and diagrams.

11. Software RequirementsKey points • System requirements are intended to communicate the functions that the system should provide. • A software requirements document is an agreed statement of the system requirements. • The IEEE standard is a useful starting point for defining more detailed specific requirements standards.

12. Requirements Engineering ProcessesKey points • The requirements engineering process includes a feasibility study, requirements elicitation and analysis, requirements specification and requirements management. • Requirements elicitation and analysis is iterative involving domain understanding, requirements collection, classification, structuring, prioritisation and validation. • Systems have multiple stakeholders with different requirements.

13. Requirements Engineering ProcessesKey points • Social and organisation factors influence system requirements. • Requirements validation is concerned with checks for validity, consistency, completeness, realism and verifiability. • Business changes inevitably lead to changing requirements. • Requirements management includes planning and change management.

14. System modelsKey points • A model is an abstract system view. Complementary types of model provide different system information. • Context models show the position of a system in its environment with other systems and processes. • Data flow models may be used to model the data processing in a system. • State machine models model the system’s behaviour in response to internal or external events, represented by statecharts.

15. System modelsKey points • Semantic data models describe the logical structure of data which is imported to or exported by the systems. • Example: ER model • Object models describe logical system entities, their classification and aggregation. • Sequence models show the interactions between actors and the system objects that they use. • Structured methods provide a framework for developing system models.

16. Critical Systems SpecificationKey points • A critical system is a system where failure can lead to high economic loss, physical damage or threats to life. • Dependability improvement requires a socio-technical approach to design where you consider the humans as well as the hardware and software • Risk analysis is the basis for identifying system reliability requirements. • Risk analysis is concerned with assessing the chances of a risk arising and classifying risks according to their seriousness.

17. Critical Systems SpecificationKey points • Security requirements should identify assets and define how these should be protected. • Reliability requirements may be defined quantitatively. • Reliability metrics include • POFOD – probability of failure on demand, • ROCOF – rate of failure occurence, • MTTF – meantime to failure, • AVAIL - availability. • Non-functional reliability specifications can lead to functional system requirements to reduce failures or deal with their occurrence.