Cao Yongxiao 曹永孝 Department of Pharmacology 医学院药理学系 yxy@xjtu;029-82655140 科教楼 805

1. Amanita muscaria from which muscarine is isolated Chapter 7Cholinoceptor-activating Drugs Cao Yongxiao曹永孝 Department of Pharmacology 医学院药理学系yxy@xjtu.edu.cn;029-82655140 科教楼 805 http://pharmacology.xjtu.edu.cn 1

2. Mode of action of cholinoceptor-activating drugs Cholinoceptor-activating drugs (cholinomimetics)are the ones that mimic the effects of ACh. They are classified by their mechanism of action. The drugs are similar to ACh actions ． 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

3. ACh can agonize the whole efferent nerve system, produce very broad effects 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

4. Effects of cholinomimetics are similar to the effects of cholinergic fibers; include: • somatic motor fibers, • preganglionic autonomic fibers, • parasympathetic fibers, • a few sympathetic • postganglionic • fibers (controlling • sweat gland and • blood vessel in • skeletal muscle) • nervous fibers • controlling adrenal • medulla.

5. When an AP reaches the terminal, influx of Ca2+ is triggered, which facilitates the fusion of the vesicular membrane with the terminal membrane and results in the release of ACh into synaptic space. Cholinergic Transmission One AChE can hydrolyze 6 x 105 ACh per minute. After released, ACh binds to and activates pre- and postsynaptic ACh receptors, showing the action of transmitter. Then, ACh is hydrolyzed rapidly by acetylcholin-esterase (AChE), terminating the action of the transmitter. 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

6. Cholinoceptor agonists can be divided into two groups based on the mode of action: cholinoceptor agonist and anticholinesterases Cholinergic Transmission Others act indirectly by inhibiting the hydrolysis of endogenous ACh (anticholinesterases). Some cholinomimetic drugs bind directly to and activate cholinoceptors (cholinoceptor agonist) 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

7. Basic Pharmacology of Cholinoceptor Agonistsare divided into two groups based on the chemical structure:Choline esters: acetylcholine, methacholine, carbamic acid, carbacochol Alkaloids: pilocarpine, muscarine, oxotremorine, nicotine, lobeline, dimethylphenypiperazinium. Many these drugs have effects on both M and N receptors A few of the drugs are highly selective for M or N receptors.Non-selective drugs have more side effects than selective one. 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

8. Cholinoceptor agonists can be hydrolyzed in the Gastrointestinal tract. Their absorpation decreases. So does their bioavailability

9. Cholinoceptor agonists can be hydrolyzed especially by cholinesterase (ChE) in effective location. Acetylcholiesterase (AChE): true, indeed ChE; Pseudocholinesterase ACh is hydrolyzed by ChE rapidly. One AChE can hydrolyze 6x105 ACh per minute. When intravenous bolus injection, ACh has a brief effect, 5-20 s. When intramuscular and subcutaneous injection, ACh produces local effect. Methacholine, carbacol and bathanechol are resistance to hydralysis by ChE, have longer duration of action. β-methyl group reduces potency of the drug at N receptor.

10. Pharmacokinetics Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is the specialized system through both physical (tight junctions) and metabolic (enzymes) barriers to protect the brain from harmful substances in the blood stream, while supplying the brain with the required nutrients. • Choline esters, being hydrophilic, are poorly distributed in the CNS. 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

11. Unlike peripheral capillaries that allow relatively free exchange of substance across / between cells, the BBB strictly limits transport into the brain. Thus the BBB is often the rate-limiting factor in determining permeation of therapeutic drugs into the brain. Pharmacokinetics • Choline esters, being hydrophilic, are poorly distributed in the CNS. 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

12. Pharmacoldynamics ACh activates M receptors on presynaptic membrane to inhibit the release of ACh ACh activates M and N receptors on post-synaptic membrane of effectors to alter organ function directly. • .

13. Clinical Pharmacology • The major therapeutic uses of the cholinoceptor-activating drugs are for diseases of the eye, the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, the neuromuscular junction and the heart.

14. Clinical Uses A. The Eye elders • Glaucoma is characterized by increased intraocular pressure, which can result in vision loss. • Muscularinic stimulants (pilocarpine) reduce intraocular pressure.

15. Clinical Uses: Glaucoma The intraocular pressure is formed by aqueous humor which is produced by the blood vessels in the ciliary body. It flows into posterior chamber, through the pupilinto the anterior chamber, and then drains into the episcleral veinvia the trabecular meshwork and the canal of Schlemn 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

16. M receptor agonists contract the iris and increase the angle space of anterior chamber so as to facilitate outflow of aqueous humor, decreasing the intraocular pressure. 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

17. Acute angle-closure glaucoma is a medical emergency that is treated with both a M receptor agonist and a AChE inhibitor. Open-angle glaucoma is not amenable to the drugs. For chronic glaucoma, these drugs have been largely replaced by topical β-blockers and prostaglandin derivatives 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

18. B. Gastrointestinal tract Ileus, intestinal inflation; congenital megacolon The disorders are characterized by depression of smooth muscle activity, which result in disfunction of gastrointestinal movement. Muscularinic stimulants increase the tone and induce movement of gastrointestine. Pilocarpine 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

19. B. Gastrointestinal tract It is sometime used to increase the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter in reflux esophagitis. Pilocarpine, reflux esophagitis, valve 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

20. 3 Urinary tracts M receptor agonist can excite M receptor on bladder to treat urinary retention which may occur post-operatively or postpartum or secondary to spinal cord injury. 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

21. The dry mouth is due to decrease of salivary secretion Pilocarpine and cevimeline increase salivary secretion by exciting M receptor to treat dry mouth. 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

22. Adverse reaction and toxicity Cholinoceptor-activating drugs have broad effects. The selectivity is poor. Treatment with them directedat one organ almost always induces undesirable effects in other organs.The toxic potential varies depending on their absorption, access to the central nervous system and metabolism. 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

23. A. Muscarinic stimulants • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, salivation, sweating, cutaneous vasodilation, and bronchial constriction. • They are all due to excitement of M receptors. The effects can be blocked by atropine. Certain mushrooms contain muscarinic alkaloids which can cause typical signs of muscarine. 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

24. B. Nicotinic stimulants Nicotine itself is the only common cause of this type of poisoning. The chronic toxicity is more important than acute one . 1. Acute toxicity The fatal dose of nicotine is approximately 40 mg, which is the amount in two cigarettes. Burning can destroy nicotine. 2. Chronic toxicity One Study by David McAlary, Washington, 17 Nov. 2005 Lifestyle and Environmental Factors Cause One-Third of Global Health Problem Leading the list of causes is smoking. Cigarette smocking is the largest single preventable cause of illness and premature death 西安交大医学院药理学系 曹永孝 yxy@xjtu.edu.cn; 029-82655140

25. I am glad to share my knowledge with you, and I want you to become a master of the subject, pharmacology Thanks a million for your attention