Russia & Japan

1. Russia & Japan Industrialization Outside the West

2. Russia – Before Reform • Anti-Westernization • Following Napoleon’s 1812 invasion • Holy Alliance – conservative monarchies of Russia, Prussia, & Austria combine in defense of religion and the established order • Decembrist revolt, 1825 • Suppressed by Nicholas I • Because of political oppression, Russia avoids the wave of revolutions that spread through Europe in 1830 and 1848 • Russia continued to expand its territory.

3. Russia – Economic & Social problems • Agricultural society based on serf labor • Significantly inferior to the industrialized societies of the West • Crimean War (1854-1856) • Conflict with Ottoman Empire (and Britain, France) • Defeated by industrial powers • Alexander II turns to Industrialization

4. Russian Expansion, 1815-1914

5. Russia – Reform & Early Industrialization • 1861, serfdom abolished • Serfs retained most of land, but were forced to pay for it • No new political rights • Productivity stagnated; most peasants continued to use traditional methods on their small plots • Alexander II – reforms of 1860s, 1870s • Zemstvoes – local political councils (regulated roads, schools, other regional policies • Military reform • Some educational reform • Literacy increased rapidly

6. Russia – reform & Early industrialization • Industrialization • Railways • Trans Siberian Railway – connected European Russia with Pacific • Expansion of iron and coal sectors • Siberia opened up to development • Modern factories and an urban working class grew rapidly • Count Sergei Witte, minister of Finance • High tariffs to protect new Russian industry • Banking system improved • Western investment sought

8. Russia – Protest & Revolution • Peasant uprisings • Recurrent famines • High taxes • Intelligentsia – articulate intellectuals • impatient with slow reform & restrictions on political activity • Anarchists – sought to abolish all formal government • often use violent methods • Fail to win peasant support

9. Russia –Protest & Revolution • 1881, Alexander II assassinated • his successors continue repression • New ideas – Marxist Socialism • Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov (Lenin) • Active Marxist leader • Introduced innovations to Marxist theory to be more Russian • The Bolsheviks – Russian Marxist group fueled by Lenin’s approach

10. Russia – Protest & Revolution • The Revolution of 1905 • Expansion continues • Ottomans pushed back, 1870s • New Slavic nations created • Into Manchuria • Defeated in Russo-Japanese war, 1904-05 • The duma • National parliament • Created in response to protest/strikes • Interior Minister Stolypin • Greater freedom for peasants • Duma eventually stripped of power

11. Russia – Protest & Revolution • Other nations follow Russia • Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, GreeceParliaments • End to serfdom • Some industrialization • Cultural revival • Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy - writers • Tchaikovsky, Chopin, Liszt – musical composers • Mendel, Pavlov - scientists Tchaikovsky Tolstoy Pavlov Chopin

12. Japan • The Final Decades of the Shogunate • The Shogonate had alliance with daimyos, samurai • Culture under the Tokugawa • Thriving • Neo-Confucianism • Variety of schools – fairly high literacy rate (for outside the West) • Terakoya, commoner school – taught reading, writing, and basics of Confucianism to ordinary people • Dutch Studies – focus on Western scientific advances • By 1850s • Economy slowing • Rural riots, though not overly political

13. Japan • American Commander Matthew Perry • insists Americans be allowed to trade • 1853, Japanese ports forced to open • Shogunate bureaucrats • Open doors reluctantly • Many Samurai & those from Dutch schools want to end isolation • Conservative daimyos fought for continued isolation • Unrest • Samurai take action • 1868, shogunate defeated • New Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji) proclaimed

14. Japan – Industrial & Political Change • Feudalism ended • Appointed prefects (district administrators) from 1871 • State expanded • Samurai officials sent to United States • Study, promote change • 1873-1876, samurai class abolished • Some find new roles • Iwasaki Yataro: Mitsubishi • Political reorganization • House of Peers, 1884 • Constitution, 1889 • Diet, lower house • Pass laws (agreement of both houses) & approve budgets

15. Japan – Industrial Revolution • Westernization in other areas • Military – army, navy • Banks – funded trade & provided capital for industry • Railways, steamships • Tariffs, guilds removed to create national market • Ministry of Industry,1870 • Sets economic policy • Operates specific sectors • Zaibatsu, 1890s • Industrial combines – result of accumulated capital & far-flung merchant/industrial operations

16. Japan – Social & diplomatic effects • Population increase • Culture • Universal education • Provide primary schools for all • Western dress adopted • Western hygiene standards spread (tooth brushing, patent medicines) • Adopted Western calendar & metric system • Conversion to Christianity limited • Shintoism attracts new followers

17. Japan – Social & Diplomatic effects • Need for raw materials • Won war with China over Korea, 1894-1895 • Alliance with Britain, 1902 • Won Russo-Japanese War, 1904 • Korea annexed, 1910

18. Japan – Strain of Modernization • Poor living standards in crowded cities • Inter-generational debate (traditional old vs. westernized new) • Political parties clashed with the Emperor's ministers over rights to determine policy • Nationalism • Focus on national identity built on tradition