Coherent Domains as Negentropic Engines in the frame of Geomagnetic and Geoelectromagnetic Fields

1. Coherent Domains as Negentropic Engines in the frame of Geomagnetic and Geoelectromagnetic Fields Water Conference: Physics, Chemestry & Biology Sofia, Boyana Residence October 6-9, 2016 Livio Giuliani1,2, Enrico D'Emilia3, Nikolaj Blom1 1Giuliano Preparata Institute for Cellular Medicine SCE Ltd., Rome–København, I-DK 2ICEMS (International Commission for ElectroMagnetic Safety), Venice, I 3INAIL (ISPESL) Research Center, Monteporzio Catone (Rome), I

2. Since 1975 the interaction of weak ELF magnetic with living matter has been investigated [1-6]. Pioneers William Ross Adey (1922- 2004), he discovered the interaction is allowed in a window in frequency and in amplitude of the electromagnetic spectrum (1975) Abraham R. Liboff, for the first time, suggested that ICR (Ion Cyclotron Resonance) is the mechanism that mobilizes ions in living matter (1985). Mikhail N. Zhadin (1935-2015) he proved motion of ion in aqueous solutions depends on the geomagnetic field (1994).

3. In order to have a simple physical model, M.N. Zhadin and collaborators [5,6] introduced a non biological set up with an aqueous solution of amino acids in an electrolytic cell where a DC voltage was applied (-80 mV). A combination of two parallel magnetic fields, DC and AC, was superimposed orthogonally to the current direction. Pioneers

4. TheZhadin Effect A remotly controlled solenoid-incubator within the hypomagnetic room of CNR in Rome: the signal generator and the CO2 and Temperature Control Unit The Zhadin experiment was replicated in several indep-endent laboratories in USA, Germany, Italy [6-11] and in China. Everyone can access the CNR-IFT lab in Rome where a facility is set up to replicate the Zhadin effect

5. The Zhadin Effect Au electrodes sunk in the vessel are connected in a circuit with an amperometer. When the DC-AC MFs are tuned with GLU ICR, a peak of current araises and dumps according with the b-coefficient of a dumped oscillator.

6. The Zhadin Effect It reveals an astonishing behaviour of aquaeous solutions interacting with weak ELF electromagnetic fields! Why? In the electrolytic cell, there is bidistilled water to which an acid buffer is added bringing pH to 2.85. Then GLU is added in. At 2.85 pH, GLU is a neutral polar molecule.

7. The Zhadin Effect The current peak arising when the ICR is switched on evidences: GLU become ionized despite it is exposed to a NIR; the arising current has a lifetime in the order of the second despite the Brownian forces overcome (~108 times) the Lorentz force induced by the AC field [12]; i.e. the electric signal exceeds the thermal noise due to the kT, despite the Shannon-Hartley theorem.

8. Some Applications in Biology Since 2005, our research group exploited the Zhadin effect in the hypomagnetic room at CNR in Rome and in Chieti with reference to: • cytology, • studying the inner ion currents in cells • and inducing differentiation of: -murine neuronal and muscle-skeletal stem cells, - human epithelial, cardiac stem cells [14-19]; • experimental oncology, modulating tumor cells in vitro [20-21]; • microbiology, modulating the biofilm mass produced by resistant bacteria [22].

9. Studying ion currents in cells

10. Some Applications in Medicine Further research groups investigated the ULFs and AM RFs impact in : • cytology, studying DNA signals [23-25], • experimental oncology in vitro and in vivo [26-31], allowing the development of devices for the treatment of cancer approved by FDA [32]; • microbiology, in order to assess the remote induction or inhibition of viruses [33].

11. WHAT THE MECHANISM? WHAT THE MECHANISM UNDERLYING SUCH RESULTS IN CELL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE? FOR AN ANSWER, LOOK AT THE INNER STRUCTURE OF WATER COHERENCE IN MATTER AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

12. WATER IS A QUANTUM LIQUID Water can be considered as a dynamic equilibrium between water single molecules and water clusters organized as microscopic aggregates: clusters can be tuned in phase i.e. coherent When clusters are coherent they can be named Coherent Domains (CDs).

13. COHERENCE WAS DISCOVERED IN HERTZIAN WAVES by A. Kastler, in 1950, who proposed the laser as an optical pump, earning the Nobel Prize in 1966. In 1962 L.D. Landau earned his Nobel Prize with the discovery of coherence in the superfluid state of helium-4 (figures from Wikipedia: on the left the l-line between superfluid and fluid 4He; on the right the respective densities normalized to the total density ) THAT’S THE DISCOVERY OF COHERENCE IN MATTER

14. LIQUID WATER IS MADE OF COHERENT & UNCOHERENT FRACTIONS Superfluid helium cannot be found in nature. Its temperature (< 2.2 K) is lower than the CMB temperature (2.72 K) that pervades the universe. According to QED [34-36], the behaviour of water is analogue to the one of superfluid helium: there are two fractions, coherent and incoherent, and they increase or decrease between 0 and 100 °C as helium fractions in the previous figure. Water CDs at room temperature can be considered as spheres with a radius of about 40 nm and containing about 5,500,000 water molecules. They originate from the oscillation of vacuum, due to the uncertainty principle. DEDt ≥ h/(2)

15. WATER AS MICKEY MOUSE The status |S >=a0|S0>+a1 |S1> of a water molecule is the superposition of the ground state 1sand the excited state 5d, where a0=0.87 and a1=0.13 Oscillations between these two states give origin to the Mickey Mouse water 1s State 5d State: one of the 5 orbitals +

16. WATER AS MICKEY MOUSE That in turn gives origin to the tetrahedral hydrogen bond: linking molecules in tetrahedral lattices (ice) or flickering tetrahedral structures (liquid water) whose proper time is in the order of a fraction of picosecond: that’s the order of CDs lifetime 1s+ 5d

17. WATER CD IS A DANCING MICKEY MOUSES’ ENSEMBLE The hydrogen bond arises as the macroscopic representation of the superposition of the two main quantum states of the water molecules, whose gap is 12,06 eV i.e. 6.5 * 1013 Hz. CDs are clusters of liquid water molecules, all oscillating at the same frequency, 6.5 * 1013 Hz, with the same phase. THAT’S+ + COHERENCE

18. THE ORIGIN OF CD Whatever is Pthe probability of one interaction, there will be a critical density of molecules ncr=Ncr/V (where V=l3) such that Pl3ncr=1 When the density is n> ncr ,the photon is trapped ! i.e. it has no chances of coming back to the vacuum and it is permanently trapped in the ensemble of the n molecules The same fate occurs to other IR photons coming out of vacuum Thus in a short time a large electromagnetic wave grows within the ensemble that from now on we’ll refer as CD.

19. Is it correct? Is it not only a cluster but is it coherent as well? Inside the ensemble there is a large electromagnetic field then there is a large vector potential A. Outside this potential decays to zero. In the boundary there is a not negligibleGrad(|A|2). In the neighborhood a molecule, oscillating with frequency n, experiments an attractive strength: FGrad(|A|2)/(nwater –n)2 able to capture the molecule adding on it to the ensemble. When n=nwater (eventually frequency and phase result to be tuned for resonance) the captured molecule becomes physically undistinguishable with respect to other molecules and the ensemble results to be a CD. This is true for other water molecules, added on until the volume l3 is filled in (as a matter of fact the liquid water density is 1600 times the vapour density).

20. Mixed Coherent Domains And it is true for all molecules with | n-nwater|<e,e 0,026 eV. It’s the origin of the Mixed Coherent Domains(MCDs) They are water CDs including solute molecules that enter CDs sharing their energy and entropy [37-38]. How much is the energy of a CD? How much the entropy? Since the coefficient of the status S1 is 0.83 the averaged excitation energy of a single molecule is 1,53 eV, while the energy of propagation of the coupled photon is 3.55 eV. Thus the coherent status corresponds to the minimum energy status and the photon is trapped in the CDs. This situation of minimum of energy corresponds to a minimum of entropy, since in the space of phases it corresponds to a single point instead of 5,500,000 arcs. Entropy is proportional to the logarithm of the number of the actual microstates then the entropy of a CD is zero.

21. Mixed Coherent Domains This situation of minimum of energy corresponds to a minimum of entropy, since in the space of phases it corresponds to a single point instead of 5,500,000. Entropy is proportional to the logarithm of the number of the actual microstates. Thus entropy of a CD is ideally zero. When molecules in a CD reach the unison of phases they assume the same physical and also chemical behaviour, independently from their chemical structure. Each molecule in a water CD becomes indistinguishible, even if it is not a water molecules.

22. Mixed Coherent Domains In the proximity of an interface, able to give a supplement of energy, CDs become stable. It is a theoretical statement but it is also an experimental evidence, thanks to the Zhadin effect [9]. All molecules trapped in the boundary of a stable CD share the same energy and entropy of all the other water molecules for a relatively long time. In the proximity of an interface there are two kind of molecules different from water: the ones with v such that nwater –n<0,026 eV that are easily captured by a water CD forming a MCD that we can name hydrophyle or biomolecules. The others that we could name hydrophobe or antibiomolecules.

23. Mixed Coherent Domains In the proximity of an interface, able to give a supplement of energy, where CDs become stable and biomolecules share the energy and the entropy of a MCD for long time (relatively), biomolecules are indistinguishible from water molecules and we cannot look at them with usual chemical methods. For such molecules that zone is an inclusion zone. Only we cannot look at them. For hydrophobe molecules the same zone is an excusion zone and we can detect them in bulk water by usual chemical means.

24. Mixed Coherent Domains When, even after itered dilutions, an aqueous solution undergoes to a suitable combination of DC-AC magnetic fields the biomolecules captured in the boundary of a CD, whose ICR matches that DC-AC combination, the same biomolecules escape and they appear again in bulk water. It can be the erratic mechanism under many successes of omeopathy and also the mechanism under the detection of DNA signals. Erratic, because depending on atmospheric and other environmental conditions that we are not yet able to control. In nature a suitable combination of AC-DC magnetic fields occurs thanks to the Schumann frequencies that match the ICR of hydrates of hydronium.

25. Mixed Coherent Domains Hydronium, escaping from CDs under the combined action of the geomagnetic and of the electrogeomagnetic (or Schumann) fields, protonates water allowing an amplification of all signals, even of signals needed to extract chemical compounds from CDs after an itered dilution [39]. Then conductivity of bulk water increases, PH decreases and the index of refraction changes [40]. The escaped molecules,having gained the enrgy provided by the CD that they left, are able to overcome the kT and to produce all chemical reactions according to their chemical structure. Thus water CDs provide the energy for the life aging as negentropic engines: they store whatever energy coming from the ambient (vacuum included), and give back an electromagnetic energy that molecules in aqueous solutions (cytoplasm included) can exploit.

26. GIBBS FREE ENERGY Furthermore when they capture a molecule, since the closed system CD-external molecule reduce its entropy after the capture, in that moment CDs release a lot of free energy G according to the equation: G= E- TDS since DS<0. That energy increases the stored energy of all components of the CD but it is at least partially released in the environment.

27. GIBBS FREE ENERGY As a matter of fact a forest, as well a beautiful landscape reach of water and plants releases a detectable white noise! An embrion that is a living system organizing its material for the growth, thus reducing his entropy, shows the higher number of apoptosis. A society which kills his members, even for justice, reduces its coherence, increases its entropy and does not release free energy: its destiny is the implosion. THANK YOU SO MUCH!

28. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful to Emilio Del Giudice, whose suggestions we captured talking with him. We complain for his immature departure in Jan. 31st 2014. Emilio Del Giudice Naples Jan 1° 1940 – Milan Jan 31° 2014

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