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The Steppe Turks and the Seljuqs and the Crusades

The Steppe Turks and the Seljuqs and the Crusades. HIST 1007 10/25/13. Seljuq Empire in 1092. What Was a Nomadic Tribe?. Claims of shared lineage Is this always the case? Mytho -historical Togarmah : Great grandson of Noah and progenitor of the Turks

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The Steppe Turks and the Seljuqs and the Crusades

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  1. The Steppe Turks and the Seljuqsand the Crusades HIST 1007 10/25/13

  2. Seljuq Empire in 1092

  3. What Was a Nomadic Tribe? • Claims of shared lineage • Is this always the case? • Mytho-historical • Togarmah: Great grandson of Noah and progenitor of the Turks • Buz or Uauz: Son of Togarmah and progenitor of the Oghuz • Adaptable and flexible • Tribal coalitions Togarmah and his sons from 18th century Georgian chronicle

  4. What Was a Nomadic Tribe? • Apparent patriarchal hierarchy • Is this always the case? • The problem of egalitarianism • Giving orders vs. herding cats • Blood tanistry • Kurultai: assembly of tribal chiefs • Good for the steppes? • Good for empire?

  5. The Seljuq Empire • Tughril Beg (r. 1016-1063) • Founds Seljuq Empire • Conqueror of Baghdad • Chaghri Beg (r. 1040-1060) • Brother of Tughril • Divided empire in kurultai • Governor of Khurasan • Alp Arslan (r. 1063-1072) • Second Great Seljuq • Son of Chaghri • Takes empire by force after Tughril’s death Alp Arslan

  6. Wars with the Byzantine Empire • Aug. 26, 1071 – Battle of Manzikert • Defeat of the Byzantine Empire • Collapse of Byzantine-Muslim frontier • Capture of Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes • Begins Turkification of Anatolia 15th century painting of Alp Arslan humiliating Romanos IV

  7. Malik Shah and Nizam al-Mulk • Nov. 25, 1072 – Alp Arslan assassinated by captured Turkish rival • Malik Shah I (r. 1072-1092) • Son of Alp Arslan • Fights uncle, brother, and cousin for title • Nizam al-Mulk (d. 1092) • Persian vizier of Malik Shah • Real ruler of the Seljuq Empire for 20 years • Siyasatnama – Book of Government • Nizamiyyah – universities to train administrators Malik Shah I

  8. Seljuq Collapse • Oct. 14, 1092 – Nizam al-Mulk assassinated by the Assassins • Assassins (hashshashin) – NizariIsmaili Shi’ites who engaged in politically motivated murders • Or was it Malik Shah? • Malik Shah dies not long after • Seljuq lands fall into chaos • Sons and grandsons fight for control 14th century depiction of assassination of Nizam al-Mulk

  9. Seljuq Successor States • Sultans of Hamadan (western Persia) • Sultans of Kerman (southern Persia) • Sultans of Aleppo (northern Syria) • Sultans/Emirs of Damascus (southern Syria) • Sultans of Rum (Anatolia) • Each with smaller divisions! • And they are all fighting with each other!

  10. Seljuq Titles • Sultan – authority • Great Seljuq – Sultan of Seljuq Empire • Beg or Bey – prince • Emir – military commander • Atabeg – regent and tutor

  11. Enter the Crusaders • Crusades - A series of conflicts conducted by Catholic Europeans against Muslims, pagans, heretics, and excommunicates beginning in 1095 and ending in 1291 (even though the crusading spirit lasted until 1798). • Crusading was a continuous enterprise, but later historians have numbered nine major crusades between 1095 and 1291.

  12. The Crusades • Urban II (r. 1088-1099) • Reform Pope • Peace and Truce of God • 1095: Council of Claremont • Urban II calls for armed • pilgrimage to liberate the • Holy Land • Indulgences offered for • those who join. Statue of Pope Urban II in Claremont

  13. The First Crusade • 1099 – Fall of Jerusalem • Establishment of Crusader • States • Decline after initial successes • Difficulty maintaining • Crusader numbers in the east. • But Muslims disorganized

  14. Byzantines, Seljuqs, and Fatimids

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