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Air Pollution in the World and in Turkey

Air Pollution in the World and in Turkey. Prof. Dr. Fatma Evyapan Pamukkale University School of Medicine. Main topics. Introduction Historical perspective Effects of air pollution on cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality Air polution in Turkey Concluding remarks.

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Air Pollution in the World and in Turkey

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  1. Air Pollution in the World and in Turkey Prof. Dr. Fatma Evyapan Pamukkale University School of Medicine

  2. Main topics • Introduction • Historical perspective • Effects of air pollution on cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality • Air polution in Turkey • Concluding remarks

  3. Clean air is considered to be a basic requirement of human health and well-being WHO WHO

  4. History • Throught history man has known that polluted air may be detrimental to health • Greeks and Romans were aware of the adverse effect of polluted air in, e.g. Crowded cities and mines

  5. Fatal Air Pollution Episodes • December 1-4 1930 Meuse Valley, Belgium: • İn 2 days > 60 deaths 10 fold increase in mortality rate ↑ • October 27-30 1940:Pensylvannia Donnora: • 6 fold increase in mortality rate ↑ • December 5-9 1952 London: • 3000 excess death 3 fold increase in mortality rate ↑ • Mortality rate remained high during first three months of 1953 • Even in 1990s althought below the national or international standardized limits air pollution still affects cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality

  6. Particulate Air Pollution in the World

  7. http://www.wunderground.com/health/pollution.asp

  8. NO2 Pollution in the World http://www.bnsc.gov.uk/6433.aspx

  9. Studies of Cardiorespiratory Mortality and Morbidity:

  10. Air Pollution and Morbidity : North America

  11. Air Pollution and Mortality North America

  12. Air Pollution and Mortality: Other Regions

  13. APHEA (Air Pollution and Health: a European Approach) Project • Held in 10 european countries with different socioeconomical status and different air pollution levels • Aims: • To show the short term effects of air pollution on health • Daily deaths, cause specific deaths, urgent hospital admissions • Analysis of large data profile; • Standardized approach to epidemiological time-series analysis Katsouyanni et al Eur RespirJ 1995:1030-1038

  14. APHEA Project :Results(Lon,Ams,Par, Rot, Mi) • Age groups :16-64; >65; • Pollutants • Gas: SO2,O3,NO2, • Particulate: PM (TAP, BS) • Other factors which may affect the results:Seasonal changes, temperature, humidity, social events (strike etc..holydays etc..) • Hospital admissions (HA) for COPD, asthma, respiratory infections: • SO2 no relationship; • BS↑ HA ↑ • NO2 ↑ HA borderline association ↑ • O3 ↑HA ↑ >65 ↑ ↑ • The effect of pollutant didn’t show seasonal difference Spix C Arch Environ Health 1998 53 (1):54-64

  15. APHEA-2 PROJESİ(Barse, Birm,Lond,Mil, Holl, Par,Ro, Stok) • PM10,PM13, BS, TAP Hospital Emergency Admission (HEA) • asthma (0-14y, 15-64y) • COPD + asthma (>65y) • tüm solunum yolu hastalıkları (>65 y) • 0-14 yr :PM10↑ HAB↑ • 15-64 yr: BS ↑ HEA ↑ PM 10↑ HEA ↑ PM13 ↑HEA ↑ TAP ↑HEA↑ • >65 yr: COPD +asthma BS ↑ HB ↑ TAP ↑ PM10 ↑ >65 yr: PM10 ↑ all respiratory diseases ↑ Atkinson R Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001 164:1860-1866

  16. Air Pollution and Mortality: European Results

  17. Air Pollution and Mortality: European Results

  18. WHO Air Quality Guideline WHO air quality guideline 2005

  19. Air Pollution in Turkey

  20. Historical Perspective • Air pollution first occured in Ankara in 1970s; • In 1980 it became a widespread problem in many cities especially in winter • Since 1984 Ministery of Health has been assessing main pollutants (BS and SO2) in majority of the cities • In the first half of 1990s air pollution has increased to the health threatening levels in many cities • Since 1991 those results has been published by State Statistics Institute. • Since 2006 PM10 measurements have been performed by Minister of Environment

  21. DİE 2002 yıllığı <50mg/m3 50-100mg/m 3 > > 100mg/m3 2008

  22. The Most Polluted Cities in 2008

  23. Effects Of Air Pollution on Respiratory System: Turkey Data

  24. Ministery of Environment and Forestry: Guidline for the Protection of Air Quality TC Çevre orman bakanlığı (www.cevreorman.gov.tr)

  25. Concluding Remarks • Air pollutants even in low levels have impact on the health • Particular pollutants have greater impact on cardiorespiratory mortality and morbidity, the effect is more prominent at lower diameter (i.e.PM2,5) • The accumulated scientific evidence has forced the WHA to review air quality guideline values for air pollutants • It should be kept in mind that guidline values can not fully protect human health • In Turkey air pollution is the second leading cause of environmental pollution. Limit values of national air quality guideline is much higher than the WHO limits

  26. Global Warning!

  27. Thank You

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