Ballast Water Developments

1. Tripartite 2008 Ballast Water Developments International Chamber of Shipping

2. Ballast Water Regulations - IMO

3. Ballast Water Management Convention, 2004 Progress toward Entry into Force • Criteria: 30 States representing 35% world’s GT • Currently: 16 States representing 14.24% • Barbados, Egypt, France, Kenya, Kiribati, Liberia, Norway, Maldives, Mexico, Nigeria, Norway, Saint Kitts and Nevis, South Africa, Spain, Syrian Arab Republic and Tuvalu

4. Status of BW Convention Guidelines • 15 Guidelines completed • Port State Control Guidelines under development • No further impediment to ratification?

5. Practical Considerations • ~50,000 existing vessels require BW Treatment Systems over 7 years • New building rate ~1400/year • Manufacturing capacity?

6. 25th IMO Assembly (Nov 07) • Assembly Resolution A.1005(25) • A ship constructed in 2009 will not be required to comply with regulation D-2 until its second annual survey, but no later than 31 Dec 2011.

7. MEPC 58 (October 08) Too early to make a judgment …. ……reconsider at MEPC 59 (July 2009)

8. Technologies Presented to IMO for G9 Type Approval

9. Technologies Presented to IMO for G9 Type Approval

10. BW Treatment Carriage Requirement

11. Thank You

12. Status of BW Convention Guidelines

13. Treatment Options • Filtration – Sediment and particles removed by disc or screen filters – Self-cleaning procedures – waste stream directly discharged overboard – filtration grades down to 100/50/20 microns. Filters create back pressure (rapidly increasing for small filtration grades)– self-cleaning procedures reduce flow rates (high sediment loads) • Cyclonic Separation (Hydro Cyclone) – Acceleration of the water by rotational flow inside the cyclone – Separation of solids due to centrifugal forces – only particles with a specific gravity less than water can be separated.

14. Treatment Options • Cavitation/Ultrasound– Venturi pipes generate cavitation bubbles that implode and disrupt the cell walls of organisms/ External creation of ultra-sound applied to BW – Cavitation units create back pressure – additional high frequency noise – difficult to develop control instruments. • Coagulation, Flocculation – Addition of coagulants to ballast water that facilitate creation of flocs to remove by filtration or magnetic separation – storage tank for additives needed - sludge tank for separated flocs required – time consuming process • De-oxygenation/Gas super-saturation – removal of disolved oxygen in BW and replacement by inactive gases (e.g. N, CO2) – time consuming process – controlled atmosphere in tanks needed to avoid re-oxygenation (P/V valves required)

15. Treatment Options • Electrolysis/Electro-chlorination – Electric current applied to BW within an electrolytic chamber – sodium chloride is split into active Chlorine which disinfects the water – only applicable in water with salt content– creation of unwanted by-products dependant upon applied current and electrodes used– Neutralization component required which may require carriage of chemicals. • Ozone – Ozone is produced on board and injected into the BW as a disinfectant – Unwanted by-products may be produced. • Chemical additives – Direct addition of a chemical that has disinfectant properties to the BW – Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Peracetic acid (Peraclean), Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide, Vitamin K (SeaKleen) – Dosing requires careful adjustment, storage required, holding time in tank may be required.

16. Treatment Options • UV radiation – Amalgam lamps surrounded by quartz sleeves produce UV radiation – UV light attacks/breaks cell membrane of organisms and pathogens – efficacy dependant upon turbidity (sediments) – UV lamps need to be maintained. • UV radiation with catalyst TiO2– UV light acting with the catalyst Titanium Dioxide create free hydroxyl radicals (OH(-)ions) that disrupt the cell membrane – Efficacy dependant upon turbidity of BW – UV lights need to be maintained