How do Dopamine, Serotonin influence the Mood, Sleep, Attention, L earning?

1. How do Dopamine, Serotonin influencethe Mood, Sleep, Attention, Learning? 54陳芷安 91蔡逸松

2. What Is the Difference Between Dopamine & Serotonin? Similarities • Neurotransmitters • mood and emotion, regulate appetite, sex, aggression • mental illnesses, such as depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

3. Serotonin‘s Role Dopamine‘s Role movement, mood, motivation and pleasure Decreased →Parkinson's disease Increased →schizophrenia • emotion, appetite and sensory perceptions • sleep, pain perception, body temperature, blood pressure and hormonal activity. • learning, aggression and cognitive processes(認知過程) .

4. Dopaminergic Pathway in the Brain 1.Mesolimbocortical pathway VTA→limbic system: 1.amygdala 2.nucleus accumbens 3.hippocampus 2.Mesostratal pathway 中腦(黑質) midbrain(substantianigra) →striatum(紋狀體)(caudate nucleus and putamen) 皮質邊緣路徑　　　　　　皮質底層路徑 2. 1. (尾狀核和殼核) back

5. Serotonergic Pathway in the Brain Dorsalraphe 1.→視丘、下視丘、基底節basal ganglia、海馬、皮質 2. →小腦、脊髓 back

6. At least four interacting neural systems underlie sleep… Sleep mechanism

7. Sleep: • EEG (Electroencephalography) 沉睡期 出現Delta wave, 差異在於其數目。 1.Behavioral arousal 2.EEG arousal

9. (Upstream activation) Reticularformation An extensive region of the brainstem (extending from the medulla through the thalamus) that is involved in arousal. • The reticular formation wakes up the forebrain Forebrain System: display SWS Brainstem System : wake up the forebrain Pontine System : trigger REM sleep Hypothalamic System : affects the other 3 brain regions and determine whether the brain will be awake or asleep 1970Jones’s exp: DA system

10. Reticular formation Thalamus丘腦 Basal forebrain基底前腦 Basal ganglia基底節 Raphe System and Serotonin 1967 Michel Jouvet‘s Thm 1999 Boutrel’s exp Midbrain Upper pons Lower pons RapheNuclus中縫核 Locus Coeruleus藍斑 Upper mudulla

11. Sleep Serotonin Dopamine Normal secretion ↓ Increase dreaming ↓ Sleep well melatonin↑: REM serotonin ↑: awake and active Light→serotonin (power) →pineal gland (synthesis) →melatonin dark →melatonin

12. Mood • Symptoms of Low Level • • Difficulty focusing • • The smallest task can seem like a chore. • • Chronic fatigue • • Appetite/sleep disturbance • • Low libido • • Low to no self-esteem • • Social withdrawal Serotonin Dopamine Effect affection feeling excited, happy Dopamicnurons in VTA is the basic unit of nuron which promote the emotional brain

13. Medial Regions of the Brain Involved in Emotions 杏仁核 海馬 海馬旁迴

14. The study of brain mechanisms at work during economic decision making. Neuroeconomics

15. Brain Reward Systems • Early studies: establishing the generality of theirfunction and their neurochemicalbases. • Animalexperiments: animals can withstand electric shock, exert significant physical effort, and even reducefood intake to obtain electrical stimulation in appropriatebrain areas.

16. Value Assessment In DAsystem To augment reward-producing behaviors: • Generating learning signals • 學習的機制:Montague, P.R. et al. (1996) A framework for mesencephalicdopaminesystems based on predictive Hebbian learning. J. Neurosci. 16,1936–1947http://www.jneurosci.org/content/16/5/1936.full.pdf+html • Adaptively updating goal states and attentional focus in working memory • 注意力的機制:Braver, T.S. and Cohen, J.D. (2000) On the control of control: the roleof dopamine in regulating prefrontal function and working memory. InAttention and Performance (Monsell, S. and Driver, J., eds), pp.713–737, Academic Press

17. Learning Serotonin Dopamine rewarding experiences Dopamine increases motivation or desire towards the reward induce learning • Hippocampusaccepted serotonin. • 1.increase: hippocampus activated, learn and memorize better • 2.reduce: forgettable, Degenerative brain or atrophy. release

18. Limbic System (恐懼制約) • Amygdala杏仁核 • Nucleus accumbens伏隔核 • Hippocampus海馬 *Long-term potentiation: synaptic plasticity *Learning→synaptic changing→transmitter changing

19. Attention • Selective awareness of perceptual receptivity, involving the activation of certain brain regions.

20. Attention (ADHDfor example) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) • A common, childhood-onset neurodevelopmentaldisorder. • Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. • More frequent in males than females • Several genes on the X chromosome have been studied as candidate risk factors for ADHD including the 5-HT2C receptor (HTR2C) gene. • Pathogenesis of ADHD: dopaminergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems

21. 5-HT2Creceptor • A subtype of 5-HT receptor that binds the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) • A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is coupled to Gq/G11 and mediates excitatory neurotransmission. • The 5-HT2C receptor (HTR2C) gene is located on human chromosome Xq24.

22. Findings • Polymorphism may be involved in the development of ADHD. • Promoter activity: Single nucleotide substitution polymorphisms (SNP) in the upstream region of the 5-HT2C

23. Findings: SNP in the 5-HT2C

24. Reference 1. eHow.com • How Does Serotonin Affect Mood? • How Does Serotonin Affect Sleep? • What Is the Difference Between Dopamine? • http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4686190_serotonin-affect-mood.html 2. BMC Research Notes • Investigation of the serotonin 2C receptor gene in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in UK samples • http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/2/71 3. Wikipedia 4. S. Marc Breedlove, Mark R. Rosenzweig, Neil V. Watson, “Biological Psychology”, page.90-93, 544-546,439-441, 460-462,227-228

25. 5. Alan G. Sanfey, George Loewenstein, Samuel M. McClure and Jonathan D. Cohen, "Neuroeconomics: cross-currents in research on decision-making", TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.10 No.3 March 2006, Page.108-110http://sds.hss.cmu.edu/media/pdfs/loewenstein/NeuroEconCrossCurrent.pdf 6.危芷芬, Atkinson & Hilgard’s Introduction to Psychology, page.210-225, 233-235, 328-330 7.尹艳茹, "睡眠生理-覺醒和睡眠的基本機轉", 南方醫科大學基礎醫學院生理學教研室http://wenku.baidu.com/view/1f81bb671ed9ad51f01df2bc.html