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Chapters 3 – 5 Argumentation

Chapters 3 – 5 Argumentation. James Tomlinson, Ph.D. Chapter 3 Traditional Criteria. Good reasons Personal authority (claims of personal credibility) Power authority (book, publication, etc.) Moral obligation (it is right to believe this) Social pressure (everyone believes it)

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Chapters 3 – 5 Argumentation

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  1. Chapters 3 – 5Argumentation James Tomlinson, Ph.D.

  2. Chapter 3 Traditional Criteria • Good reasons • Personal authority (claims of personal credibility) • Power authority (book, publication, etc.) • Moral obligation (it is right to believe this) • Social pressure (everyone believes it) • Listener benefit (you will be better off if you believe this)

  3. Traditional Criteria • Logic • Deductive Reasoning (from the general to a specific claim) • Syllogism • All men are mortal (major premise) • Socrates is a man (minor premise) • Therefore, Socrates is mortal (conclusion) • Inductive Reasoning (from the specific to a general claim) • 20 balls in a box – red and blue. • You take a specific sample (4 balls) and find 3 red and 1 blue • WHAT is your inductive generalization about the other balls in the box???? • 75% red and25% blue

  4. Traditional Criteria • Science (Scientific Method) • Empirical data (observation) • Construct an hypothesis • Test the hypothesis • Advance claims based on this process • Should be: • Internally consistent • Valid premises • Survive refutation and critical questioning

  5. Traditional Criteria • A Good Story • Narrative (power of imagery) • Martin Luther King Jr. “I have a Dream” OR Cicero!!! • Religious texts – stories which illustrate what to do OR what to avoid!!!!

  6. New Perspectives??? • Post-Modernism • distrust of theories and ideologies • Feminism • Influence of gender on types of discourse • Masculine oriented – devalues feminine narrative and anecdotes • Some see argumentation as needlessly confrontational • Alternative Dispute Resolution • Situational analysis

  7. Chapter 4Analysis • The Proposition/Resolution • Wording (a single declarative sentence which states the position of the person who is the Advocate) • Look for objectives and values in your research • Find alternatives • Costs and risks of any potential position • Latest information • Criticism of alternatives • Note YOUR biases!!!! So they do NOT interfere with your ability to present convincing and reasonable arguments

  8. Critical Analysis of a Proposition • Determine all issues (page 60) • Rank-Order the issues • Determine the Critical Values • Clarity • Significance • Relevance • Inherency (is it a problem in the system) • Consistency

  9. What does EACH claim/issue really mean? • What are the points of disagreement? • Definitions?? • What is the criteria the audience/decision makers will be using?? • Which criteria are most important?? • What is the strength of the support for each claim?? • Can you satisfy your own established criteria??

  10. Chapter 5Constructing a Case • Presumption (belongs to the Defense/Opposition) • Status Quo is preferred until overcome • Burden of Proof (the Advocate) • Prima Facie Case • Brief (pages 78 – 79)

  11. What are the constraints (time limits etc)?? • Format/rules?? • Who are the decision makers??

  12. Sequence of Claims • Problem – Solution • Cost/Benefits • Meeting an agreed set of criteria • Comparative Advantages

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