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３． Mini Grid- Off Grid Jun HAGIHARA Tokyo Electric Power Company – e8 Member

３． Mini Grid- Off Grid Jun HAGIHARA Tokyo Electric Power Company – e8 Member. Solar PV Design Implementation O&M March 31- April 11, 2008 Marshall Islands. 3. Mini Grid – Off Grid. Contents. 3-1. Content 3-2. DC and AC supply

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３． Mini Grid- Off Grid Jun HAGIHARA Tokyo Electric Power Company – e8 Member

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  1. ３．Mini Grid- Off GridJun HAGIHARATokyo Electric Power Company – e8 Member Solar PV Design Implementation O&M March 31- April 11, 2008 Marshall Islands

  2. 3. Mini Grid – Off Grid • Contents 3-1. Content 3-2. DC and AC supply 3-3. Off Grid:PV Mini Grid3-3-1. Features of PV system3-3-2. PV output and demand3-3-3. System configuration3-3-4. Examples3-3-5. Design procedure 3-3-6. Planning & design3-3-7. Design of operation pattern3-3-8. Calculation of PV array output3-3-9. Array configuration 3-3-10. Necessary components3-3-11. Battery capacity3-3-12. Various battery3-3-13. Operation & Maintenance 3-3-14. Battery charging station (optional)

  3. 3. Mini Grid – Off Grid • Contents 3-4. PV hybrid systems within mini-grid3-4-1. System configuration 3-4-2. Examples3-4-3. Other power source: Genset3-4-4. Other power source: Micro hydro 3-4-5. Other power source: Biomass energy3-4-6. Other power source: Wind power3-4-7. Planning & design3-4-8. Operation & maintenance

  4. 3-1. Content (1)

  5. 3-1. Content (2)

  6. 3-2. DC and AC supply

  7. 3-3. Off Grid: PV mini grid

  8. 3-3-1. Features of PV system

  9. 3-3-2. PV output and demand 3kW PV output and household demand (in Japan) 2 150 1.5 100 Household demand (kWh) 1 Countrywide demand (GWh) 50 0.5 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 0 0 Source: METI

  10. 3-3-3. System configuration(1) PV panel (@50 kWp) For a community that is not too scattered. Usually 50 to 600 households. Inverter Isolated, AC supply, no genset PCS Delivers the power to the households and common equipments through a grid Battery

  11. 3-3-3. System configuration(2) Peripheral equipments • Junction box • Inverter • Insulation transformer • Protection system • Battery system • Battery • Charger • Others • Measuring instrument • Display unit Distribution board Power receiving panel kWh meter PV array PV mounting structure Load

  12. 3-3-4. Examples(1) Source: GTZ-ZSW Installed in 2003 at Suohourima, Qinghai, China by GTZ 70 km [43 miles] from the next electricity line Between 300 and 400 households Old Diesel generator set is no longer in operation. Electricity is delivered according to energy availability (not for 24/24 hours)

  13. 3-3-4. Examples(2) Source: GTZ-ZSW

  14. 3-3-4. Examples(3) Source: GTZ-ZSW

  15. 3-3-5. Design procedure • Significance • Concept • Feasibility study • Generation • Distribution • Demand forecast and dispatching • Environmental assessment • Economical evaluation • Design • System configuration • Design • Regulation • Specification of components • How to select • Installation • O&M

  16. 3-3-6. Planning & design System, equip. spec., supplier, capacity, supply characteristics, reliability, cost and so on. Survey of various REN Concept design of the system Demand characteristics, energy cost, electricity tariff REN main unit, inverter, grid connection, battery, env. measure Investigation of target site Determination of equipment spec. Estimate supplied power and energy Estimate project cost Generation cost, distribution cost, cash flow Determine operation pattern Estimate maintenance cost Estimate total running cost Analyze cost/benefit Effect on environmental protection Effect on energy conservation Implementation

  17. 3-3-6. Check list on planning (1) • Concept and purpose • For what? • Purposed should be shared among concerned parties. • Where? • In existing facility or not? Exact location. • What load? • Characteristics and size of load. Enough space for installed equipment? • Which system? • Isolated or grid-connected? With battery or not? • When and how much? • Construction schedule and cost. Can it be available?

  18. 3-3-6. Check list on planning (2) • Project team • Establish team and assign project manager • How to select the designer? • What is bidding strategy of construction work? • How can we maintain and manage the system?

  19. 3-3-6. Check list on planning (3) • Site survey • Ambient environment • Any obstacles to receive sunlight? • Shadow of building, tree, mountain, stack, utility pole, steel tower, sign board and so on. • Effect of fallen leaves and sand dust, snow cover (depth and frequency) • Salt and/or lightning damage, wind condition – collect all the possible obstacles • Installed site • Shape, width, direction, drainage, condition of foundation, volume of construction work, carry-in route, Waterproof of the building, effect on landscape • Electrical facility • Existing diagram and plot plan, space availability, wiring route and space carry-in route

  20. 3-3-6. Check list on planning (4) • Preliminary consultation • Local authority – Construction work, fire department, necessity of permission • Available subsidy • Information collection from expert/consultants • Concept check • Is it firm concept? Site, load, system size and configuration • Is schedule fixed? • Is budget made based on expected generation output and its cost?

  21. 3-3-6. Check list on design (5) • Reconfirmation of design condition • Firm policy? – For what? Where? How big? How is the system? When? How much? • Constraints – Ambient environment, Site condition, existing electrical equipment, regulation, necessary procedure • Design • Direction and angle of PV panel – maximize output under the given condition • Array configuration and its installation • Foundation, mounting frame, waterproof, intensity calculation • Material, antirust and anti-corrosion of mounting frame material • Compliance with regulation • In accordance with the project purpose • Established schedule, expected result and project cost. • Application • Subsidy • Application for local authority • Design check • Fixed detail design, budget, construction schedule? • Finish all the necessary application? • Completed adequate bidding?

  22. 3-3-7. Design of operation pattern Wee hours Daytime Nighttime AM PM Supply from PV Charge to battery Supply from battery • Estimate daily load curve • Daytime: PV for load and battery charge • Nighttime: Battery discharge for load • Investigate charge/discharge time • Calculate required PV and battery capacity

  23. 3-3-8. Calculation of PV array output Array Glass Packing Module Cell Backside film Filling Cell Bracket • First, estimated the total size of load EL • Array output PAS: EL * D * R (HA / GS) * K • EL : Average load size (consumed energy kWh / duration) • D : Load’s dependency rate on solar energy • HA: Amount of solar radiation during a given interval [kWh/sqft* day] • GS: Intensity of solar radiation at normal condition [kW/sqft] • R : Design margin ratio • K : of integrated design factor(0.65 – 0.8, loss and equipment variation)

  24. 3-3-9. Array configuration(1) • String: Series of PV modules. • Number of series (Rated DC voltage of inverter) * 1.1 Optimal operating voltage of PV module: Vpm • Array: Large panel consists of parallel strings. • Number of parallel Expected output of PV system (Max output of PV module Pmax) * (Number of series) • In actual design, it is necessary to determine array configuration in accordance with size of mounting frame and installation space. • Avoid the configuration in which a part of string is shadowed. • Re-consider the series/parallel configuration again.

  25. 3-3-9. Array configuration(2) 1 string consists of 8 modules in series Shadow Parallel connection in junction box Source: NEDO

  26. 3-3-10. Necessary components(1) • Bypass device (diode) for each module PV module PV module To junction box or load Bypass Device (diode) PV module

  27. 3-3-10. Necessary components(2) Lightning protection Reverse flow protection PV array Junction box P1 P To inverter N1 From PV array N Main CB P2 N2 Pn Nn • Junction box • MCCB for PV array • Back-flow prevention device for each string • Main CB • Lightning protection/Arrester • Terminal block • Box • Distribution board • Wh meter • Battery

  28. 3-3-11. Battery capacity • Lifetime of battery heavily depends on Depth Of Discharge (DOD), number of discharge and ambient temperature. • In application with PV, set the average DOD because of fluctuating charging/discharging energy by weather. • Key point • Estimate accurate load size • Optimize PV capacity, battery capacity and operational parameter of PCS • Procedure • Decide DC input power necessary for load • Understand inverter input power • Acquire amount of solar radiation at the site • Set number of days without sunshine based on solar radiation condition and importance of load • Set DOD from expected lifetime of battery • Even in month with min solar radiation, determine capacity and angle of PV array to make charging energy cover discharge for load. • Calculate battery capacity Daily power consumption * number of days without sunshine Maintenance factor * DOD * Final voltage in discharge

  29. 3-3-12. Various battery(1) Source: NEDO

  30. 3-3-12. Various battery(2) At 25 degree celcius 1 cycle/day 10,000 5,000 # of Charge/discharge (cycles) Clad type 1,000 500 Seal type (MSE) Small seal type) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Depth of discharge (DOD, %) Source: NEDO

  31. 3-3-13. Operation & maintenance Wee hours Daytime Nighttime AM PM Supply from PV Charge to battery Supply from battery • Load forecasting is most important. • Aim to full utilize PV power. • Reserve battery energy for emergency case. • Adjust charge/discharge energy in accordance with varying load.

  32. 3-3-14. Battery charging station (optional)(1) BCS at suburb of Phnom Penh, Cambodia

  33. 3-3-14. Battery charging station (optional)(2) Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand: 1992-1997 Budget: 316 million yen The Sunlight made Nighttime Pleasant! Battery-Charging Station A fully charged battery provides lighting for a week Source: NEDO 11

  34. 3-3-14. Battery charging station (optional)(3) Battery-Charging Station Source: NEDO Using a charged battery at home 12

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