Endocrine Disorders

1. Endocrine Disorders http://www.netterimages.com/images/vtn/000/000/001/1680-150x150.jpg http://www.lprf.org/girl1.jpg http://health.enotes.com/images/medicine/gem_01_img0011.jpg

2. Pituitary Disorders • This gland is responsible for growth • Hyperfunction = giantism and acromegaly • Hypofunction = dwarfism

3. GIGANTISM Giantism is the… • Hyper function of the pituitary - too much growth hormone in the preadolescent period leads to overgrowth of the long bones resulting in excessive tallness • In pituitary tumors with well-defined borders, surgery is the treatment of choice and can cure many cases. Born: May 19, 1946 Died: January 27, 1993 Height: 7' 4" (2.24 m) Weight: 529 lbs (240 kg) http://www.netterimages.com/images/vtn/000/000/001/1680-150x150.jpg

4. ACROMEGALY is the … • Hyper function of the pituitary in adulthood. • Leads to over development of the bones in the face, hands and feet. • Attacks cartilage – so the chin protrudes, lips, nose and extremities are enlarged. • Rx – drugs to inhibit growth hormone or radiation.  In most cases, the cause of this excessive production of GH is a noncancerous tumor on the pituitary http://www.mrcophth.com/hands/acromegaly.jpg http://health.enotes.com/images/medicine/gem_01_img0011.jpg

5. Before and after photos

6. The real Shrek • The popular cartoon Shrek actually existed! Rather, his ogre-ific head was modeled after a real person; Maurice Tillet. Tillet was born in 1903, and as a teenager he manifested a rare disease called acromegaly. As a result his body was disfigured, and he turned into what people back then referred to as a “freak show”. He took advantage of his condition, by turning into a pro wrestler called the “freak ogre of the ring”.

7. The real Shrek

8. DWARFISM is the … • Hypo function of the pituitary in childhood. • Rx – early diagnosis, injection of growth hormone • A dwarf is a person of short stature - under 4' 10" as an adult. Avg ht is 2ft 8 inches • More than 200 different conditions can cause dwarfism. • Dwarfism itself is not a disease

9. Adrenal Disorders • The adrenal glands produce glucocorticoid hormones. Changes in these hormone levels always affect blood glucose levels. • Hyper function = Cushing’s Syndrome • Hypo function = Addison’s Disease

10. A look at Cushing’s Syndrome

11. Cushing's Syndrome Occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time. The most common cause of Cushing's Syndrome is the use of oral corticosteroid medication (rx forasthma, arthritis). • Cushing's syndrome can result in high blood pressure, bone loss and diabetes. • When Cushing's syndrome results from an ACTH-producing tumor of the pituitary gland (Cushing's disease), treatment may include surgery, radiation, or medication to lower cortisol levels

12. Cortisol • Normally, it’s present in the body at higher levels in the morning, and at its lowest at night. Although stress isn’t the only reason that cortisol is secreted into the bloodstream, it has been termed “the stress hormone” because it’s also secreted in higher levels during the body’s ‘fight or flight’ response to stress.

13. Addison’s Disease Addison's disease is a disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of their hormones. Symptoms include excessive pigmentation or “bronzing of the skin”, hypoglycemia and low blood pressure, muscle weakness and diarrhea.

14. Thyroid Disorders • The thyroid gland controls your metabolism • Hyper function = “Hyperthyroidism” • Graves Disease • Hypo function = “Hypothyroidism” • Myexedema is the adult form of the disorder • Cretinism is the neonatal form of the disorder

15. HYPERTHYROIDISM (Grave’s Disease) • HYPERTHYROIDISM • Overactive thyroid gland • Too much thyroxine is secreted leading to enlargement of the thyroid gland • People with this disease consume large quantities of food but lose body fat and weight. • Most pronounced symptoms are enlargement of the thyroid gland (GOITER) and bulging of eyeballs (EXOPHTHALMOS) • Rx – total or partial removal of thyroid gland, drugs to reduce thyroxine, radiation

16. http://phoenity.com/diseases/images/thyroid_enlargement.jpg EXOPHTHALMOS http://137.222.110.150/calnet/Thyroid/image/exophthalmos-eye%20protrusion-live%20photo.jpg HYPERTHYROIDISM Goiter

17. HYPOTHYROIDISM • Not enough thyroxine secreted by the thyroid gland • May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter) • Major cause of other types is inflammation of thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland to make thyroxine • S/S – dry & itchy skin, dry & brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night, feeling run down, sensitivity to cold, wt. gain

18. http://128.252.151.78/neuromuscular/pics/people/patients/myxedema2sm2.jpghttp://128.252.151.78/neuromuscular/pics/people/patients/myxedema2sm2.jpg HYPOTHYROIDISM

20. Parathyroid Disorders

21. PARATHYROID GLANDS • The parathyroid glands regulate the use of calcium and phosphorus. Both of these minerals are involved in many bodily functions • Hyperfunctioning causes an increase in blood calcium levels- increasing the presence of kidney stones.

22. In hypoparathyroidism, decreasedcalcium levels affect the normal function of nerves and lead to a condition called TETANY • Convulsive twitching develops, person could die if spasms are in the respiratory muscles • Rx – Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone to help restore a normal calcium balance.

23. Tetany • Tetany is a symptom that is characterized by muscle cramps, spasms or tremors. These repetitive actions of the muscles happen when your muscle contracts uncontrollably. Tetany may occur in any muscle in your body! • low intravenous injection of calcium gluconate is rapidly effective. If tetany is not relieved, administration of magnesium may be required.

24. Pancreatic Disorders • The pancreas is responsible for controlling blood sugar – through the release of insulin.

25. DIABETES MELLITUS Diabetes Mellitus is : • Caused by  secretion of insulin • Can be insulin dependent (juvenile) or non-insulin dependent • Symps – polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and possible diabetic coma

26. If not treated, excess glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) and glucose secreted in urine * (glycosuria) • Since glucose not available for cellular oxidation, body starts to burn up protein and fat *Diagnosed by U/A---urinalysis

27. If too much insulin is given, blood sugar may go too low (hypogycemia  insulin shock) Possible indicators of hypoglycemia may include:Hunger Sweating Shallow breathing Dizziness Visual problems such as double vision Trembling Rapid heartbeat (palpitations) Confusion (sometimes mistaken for drunkenness or aggression) Fainting

28. If blood sugar gets too high – hyperglycemia  diabetic coma Possible Symptoms of hyperglycemia Increased thirst and urination Large amounts of sugar in the blood Ketones in the urine Weakness, stomach pains, general aches Heavy, labored breathing Loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting Fatigue

29. Tests for Diabetes – blood sample measured in glucometer – done by patient in home – normal blood sugar 80-100 mg (Here’s one of the many types of glucometer) http://www.newrainbowbridge.com/images/Glucometer.jpg

30. What are Androgens? • Androgens are hormones which control the development of masculine characteristics. This term can refer to both natural and synthetic androgen hormones. There are several different types of androgens, the most important of which is testosterone. Note that while androgen hormones are defined as controlling “male” characteristics, these hormones are present and active in females as well as in males. • Androgens that are produced in the female body usually convert to estrogens. Likewise, some of a male’s androgens become estrogens as well.

31. Steroid use in sports • Androgenic anabolic steroids (AS) are a group of synthetic hormones, usually derived from testosterone.

32. The widespread use of anabolic steroids among athletes is to achieve strength, weight gain, speed, and endurance. They are most commonly used by athletes involved in track and field sports, particularly the throwing events, weight lifting, football and baseball.

34. Side Effects • Some common side effects of steroids intake among men include: infertility, breast development, shrinking of the testicles, baldness and cystic acne. Effects among women include deeper voice, enlargement of the clitoris, excessive growth of body hair and male-pattern baldness.

36. Here is what we have learned from this unit: • Chemical messengers from the endocrine system help regulate body activities. Their effect is of longer duration and is more generalized than that of the nervous system. • Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood, which transports the hormones through the body. • Cells in a target tissue have receptor sites for specific hormones. • Many hormones are regulated by a negative feedback mechanism; some are controlled by other hormones; and others are affected by direct nerve stimulation. • Even though the endocrine glands are scattered throughout the body, they are still considered to be one system because they have similar functions, similar mechanisms of influence, and many important interrelationships. • Major glands include: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal (suprarenal) gland, pancreas, gonads (testes and ovaries), pineal gland, and other endocrine glands.