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§ 6.2

§ 6.2. Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions. Adding Rational Expressions. In this section, you will practice adding and subtracting rational expressions. Remember that when adding or subtracting fractions, it is necessary to rewrite the fractions

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§ 6.2

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  1. §6.2 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

  2. Adding Rational Expressions In this section, you will practice adding and subtracting rational expressions. Remember that when adding or subtracting fractions, it is necessary to rewrite the fractions as fractions having the same denominator, which is called the common denominator for the fractions being combined. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #2 Section 6.2

  3. Adding Rational Expressions Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #3 Section 6.2

  4. Adding Rational Expressions EXAMPLE Add: SOLUTION This is the original expression. Add numerators. Place this sum over the common denominator. Combine like terms. Factor. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #4 Section 6.2

  5. Adding Rational Expressions CONTINUED Factor and simplify by dividing out the common factor, x. Simplify. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #5 Section 6.2

  6. Adding Rational Expressions Check Point 1 Add: SOLUTION Add numerators. Place this sum over the common denominator. Combine like terms. Factor. Simplify. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #6 Section 6.2

  7. Subtracting Rational Expressions Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #7 Section 6.2

  8. Subtracting Rational Expressions EXAMPLE Subtract: SOLUTION This is the original expression. Subtract numerators. Place this difference over the common denominator. Remove the parentheses and distribute. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #8 Section 6.2

  9. Subtracting Rational Expressions CONTINUED Combine like terms. Factor. Factor and simplify by dividing out the common factor, x + 3. Simplify. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #9 Section 6.2

  10. Adding Rational Expressions Check Point 2 Subtract: SOLUTION Subtract numerators. Place difference over the common denominator. Combine like terms. Factor. Simplify. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #10 Section 6.2

  11. Least Common Denominators Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #11 Section 6.2

  12. Least Common Denominators EXAMPLE Find the LCD of: SOLUTION 1) Factor each denominator completely. 2) List the factors of the first denominator. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #12 Section 6.2

  13. Least Common Denominators CONTINUED 3) Add any unlisted factors from the second denominator. The second denominator is (2y - 1)(y + 4). One factor of y + 4 is already in our list, but the factor 2y – 1 is not. We add the factor 2y – 1 to our list. 4) The least common denominator is the product of all factors in the final list. Thus, is the least common denominator. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #13 Section 6.2

  14. Least Common Denominators Check Point 3 Find the LCD of: SOLUTION 1) Factor each denominator completely. 2) List the factors of the first denominator. 3) Add any unlisted factors from the second denominator. 4) The least common denominator is the product of all factors in the final list. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #14 Section 6.2

  15. Least Common Denominators Check Point 4 Find the LCD of: SOLUTION 1) Factor each denominator completely. 2) List the factors of the first denominator. 3) Add any unlisted factors from the second denominator. 4) The least common denominator is the product of all factors in the final list. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #15 Section 6.2

  16. Add & Subtract Fractions Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #16 Section 6.2

  17. Adding Fractions EXAMPLE Add: SOLUTION 1) Find the least common denominator. Begin by factoring the denominators. The factors of the first denominator are x + 4 and x – 2. The only factor from the second denominator that is unlisted is x – 1. Thus, the least common denominator is, Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #17 Section 6.2

  18. Adding Fractions CONTINUED 2) Write equivalent expressions with the LCD as denominators. This is the original expression. Factored denominators. Multiply each numerator and denominator by the extra factor required to form the LCD. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #18 Section 6.2

  19. Adding Fractions CONTINUED 3) & 4) Add numerators, putting this sum over the LCD. Simplify, if possible. Add numerators. Perform the multiplications using the distributive property. Combine like terms. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #19 Section 6.2

  20. Adding Fractions CONTINUED Since the numerator does not factor, there are clearly no common factors betwixt the numerator and the denominator. Therefore, the final solution is, Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #20 Section 6.2

  21. Adding Fractions Check Point 5 Add SOLUTION Multiply Like fractions Simplified Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #21 Section 6.2

  22. Adding Fractions Check Point 6 Add SOLUTION Multiply Like fractions Combine like terms Simplify Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #22 Section 6.2

  23. Subtracting Fractions EXAMPLE Subtract: SOLUTION 1) Find the least common denominator. Begin by factoring the denominators. The factors of the first denominator are x - 4 and x – 1. The only factor from the second denominator that is unlisted is x + 1. Thus, the least common denominator is, Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #23 Section 6.2

  24. Subtracting Fractions CONTINUED 2) Write equivalent expressions with the LCD as denominators. This is the original expression. Factored denominators. Multiply each numerator and denominator by the extra factor required to form the LCD. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #24 Section 6.2

  25. Subtracting Fractions CONTINUED 3) & 4) Add numerators, putting this sum over the LCD. Simplify, if possible. Subtract numerators. Perform the multiplications using the distributive property and FOIL. Remove parentheses. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #25 Section 6.2

  26. Subtracting Fractions CONTINUED Combine like terms in the numerator. Since the numerator does not factor, there are clearly no common factors betwixt the numerator and the denominator. Therefore, the final solution is, Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #26 Section 6.2

  27. Subtracting Fractions Check Point 7 Subtract SOLUTION Multiply Like fractions Subtract (add the opposite) Combine like terms and Simplify Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #27 Section 6.2

  28. Adding and Subtracting of Fractions EXAMPLE Perform the indicated operations: SOLUTION 1) Find the least common denominator. Begin by factoring the denominators. The factors of the first denominator are 1 and x – 3. The only factor from the second denominator that is unlisted is x + 1. We have already listed all factors from the third denominator. Thus, the least common denominator is, Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #28 Section 6.2

  29. Adding and Subtracting of Fractions CONTINUED 2) Write equivalent expressions with the LCD as denominator. This is the original expression. Factor the second denominator. Multiply each numerator and denominator by the extra factor required to form the LCD. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #29 Section 6.2

  30. Adding and Subtracting of Fractions CONTINUED 3) & 4) Add and subtract numerators, putting this result over the LCD. Simplify if possible. Add and subtract numerators. Perform the multiplications using the distributive property. Combine like terms in the numerator. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #30 Section 6.2

  31. Adding and Subtracting of Fractions CONTINUED Since the numerator does not factor, there are clearly no common factors betwixt the numerator and the denominator. Therefore, the final solution is, Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #31 Section 6.2

  32. Addition of Fractions (opposites) EXAMPLE Add: SOLUTION This is the original expression. Factor the first denominator. Multiply the numerator and the denominator of the second rational expression by -1. Multiply by -1. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #32 Section 6.2

  33. Addition of Fractions (opposites) CONTINUED Rewrite –y + x as x – y. Notice the LCD is (x + y)(x – y). Multiply the second numerator and denominator by the extra factor required to form the LCD. Perform the multiplications using the distributive property. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #33 Section 6.2

  34. Addition of Fractions (opposites) CONTINUED Add and subtract numerators. Remove parentheses and distribute. Combine like terms in the numerator. Since the numerator does not factor, there are clearly no common factors betwixt the numerator and the denominator. Therefore, the final solution is, Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #34 Section 6.2

  35. Addition of Fractions Important to Remember Adding or Subtracting Rational Expressions If the denominators are the same, add or subtract the numerators and place the result over the common denominator. If the denominators are different, write all rational expressions with the least common denominator (LCD). Once all rational expressions are written in terms of the LCD, then add or subtract as described above. In either case, simplify the result, if possible. Even when you have used the LCD, it may be true that the sum of the fractions can be reduced. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #35 Section 6.2

  36. Addition of Fractions Important to Remember Finding the Least Common Denominator (LCD) The LCD is a polynomial consisting of the product of all prime factors in the denominators, with each factor raised to the greatest power of its occurrence in any denominator. That is - After factoring the denominators completely, the LCD can be determined by taking each factor to the highest power it appears in any factorization. The Mathematics Teacher magazine accused the LCD of keeping up with the Joneses. The LCD wants everything (all of the factors) the other denominators have. Blitzer, Intermediate Algebra, 5e – Slide #36 Section 6.2

  37. DONE

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