Africa, India, and the New British Empire 1750-1870

1. Africa, India, and the New British Empire1750-1870 Chapter 24

2. Changes and Exchanges in Africa

3. New Africa States Zulu kingdom (Southern Africa) created by Shaka in 1818 militaristic lethal weaponry allowed the Zulu people to fight for grazing and farming lands during a period of drought

4. Shaka (r. 1818-1828) Expanded the kingdom Raided neighbors Took their cattle Took their women and children Left many displaced refugees Created a national identity Grouped young people into regiments Learned Zulu customs and military techniques

5. The neighbors created their own states Swaziland To the north of the Zulu Lesotho In the highest mountains of southern Africa both still exist

6. Sokoto Caliphate of West Africa (1809-1906) 1770s – Muslims wanted religious reform Muslim jihad (holy war) to take over rural “pagan” lands in the savannas of West Africa

7. Islamic law was enforced Hausa (now northern Nigeria) Largest of the new reform movements rulers were charged with being “unbelievers” because of polytheistic rituals The region was taken by Muslim armies Caliph reigned from Sokoto Was the largest state in west Africa Quranic schools

8. Sold some non-Muslim captives into the Atlantic and sub-Saharan slave trade others were heavily taxed Lots of slaves in the Sokoto caliphate allowed free women to remain secluded in the home

9. Modernization in Egypt and Ethiopia Egypt Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) Successor to Napoleon’s rule Built military strength to avoid another European invasion Increased agricultural production Created a modern administration and army Set up state school system and a military college

10. To pay the bills Required peasants to grow cotton Modernized Egypt Combined western technology with Islamic religious traditions Population had doubled Trade with Europe up by 600% Textiles, paper, weapons, military uniforms

11. Ismail (r. 1863-1879) Ali’s grandson Made Egypt European “My country is no longer in Africa, it is in Europe” Exports doubled in the first decade of his rule due to U.S. Civil War New irrigation canals, railroads, postal service, and capital city in Cairo The country goes into debt After the Civil War ends Became partially occupied by Britain and France

12. Ethiopia Christian region that had been broken apart by Muslim invaders Region reunited when King Menelik inherited the throne in 1889 Strong armies Bought European weapons beginning in the 1840s Domestic weapon manufacturing with the help of Protestant missionaries

13. European Penetration France and Algeria (in northern Africa) Algeria had helped Napoleon defeat Egypt in the past by providing grain Fr. failed to repay the debt

14. Fr. tried to invade in 1830 to increase the popularity of the French government with an easy overseas victory Army of 100,000+ Destroyed farm animals, crops, and villages Killed people by the tens of thousands Exiled the Muslim resistance leader in Algeria 1871 – 130,000 Europeans living in Algeria

15. European exploration private individuals exploring Africa exploring rivers and jungles assessing its mineral wealth David Livingstone (1813-1873) Scottish missionary and doctor Scouting out locations for Christian Missions in southern and central Africa Named Victoria Falls

16. Henry Morton Stanley (1841-1904) Publicity stunt to find the “lost” Livingstone Usually did not face hostility

17. Abolition and Legitimate Trade Trade between Africa and other Atlantic continents increased after exploration doubled between 1730 and 1780 doubled again by 1870 before 1870 = mostly slaves after 1870 = vegetable oils, gold, ivory, and other goods

18. Atlantic Slave trade Coming to an end Slave revolt in Saint Domingue, 1790s Led to more slave revolts Humanitarians and religious leaders pushed to end slavery 1808- Great Britain and the United States made importing slaves from Africa illegal for their citizens.

19. British became abolitionists Naval patrol to enforce the ban Spent $60 million to end the slave trade (as much as they ever profited from it) Liberated 160,000 slaves Drove prices up which encouraged some African rulers to continue to sell slaves Trans-Atlantic slave trade ended in 1867

20. “legitimate” trade Africans still wanted access to European goods Exports other than slaves Gold exports doubled Palm oil, for making soap and candles African traders bought slaves to support the palm oil industry

21. Great Britain took over Sierra Leone in 1808 Over 130,000 people were liberated from slavery and settled in Sierra Leone Christian missionaries helped the recaptives Many converted to Christianity The Republic of Liberia was formed in 1821 Freed slaves from America returned to Africa Brought western culture, especially after the emancipation of slaves in the U.S. in 1865

22. Secondary Empires in Eastern Africa British block the slave trade on the west coast slave traders moved to the east coast 2/3 of these slaves went to North Africa or the middle east slavery also increased in East Africa to work clove plantations

23. Ivory also a money making trade item men created personal empires from wealth obtained from ivory trade these empires were “secondary” to the empire that Britain was creating in Africa use of western rifles increased supply these rifles were also used to kill villagers

24. India Under British Rule

25. Company Men Mughal empire weakens 1739 – Iranian forces sack Delhi Indian states claim independence Nawabs Muslim princes controlled their own states

26. British, Dutch and French East India Companies Set up trade posts and warehouses Hired sepoys to protect them The British EIC set up a trading post at Calcutta Had permission of the nawab New nawab had the men imprisoned and some died Robert Clive overthrew the nawab The Mughal Empire acknowledged Britain’s EIC right to rule Bengal Br. held power in Calcutta, Madras and Bombay see map on page 634

27. Raj and Rebellion, 1818-1857 British reign in India powerful government strong military disarm Indian military Christian missionaries Private property Easier for the state to collect taxes “Westernization, Anglicization, and Modernization” New “traditions”

28. Ordinary Indians suffered lower classes and women were oppressed by new taxes and “traditions” manufacturing goes to Britain India lost positions as #1 textile producer local rebellions

29. Sepoys loyalty is questioned Many Sepoys upset that new people of other religions are joining there ranks sepoys upset when a new rifle is introduced had to use their teeth to open ammunition cartridges dipped in animal fat Hindus feel cattle are sacred Muslims feel pigs are dirty

30. May 1857- March 1858; Sepoy Rebellion joined by elites and peasants that rallied behind the Mughal Empire Was the beginning of revolution

31. Political Reform and Industrial Impact 1858, end of Mughal Empire British control increases Indian princes kept their autonomy if they pledged allegiance to Queen Victoria tradition and reform

32. British Viceroys Lived in elaborate mansions Had lots of servants To show that they had power Held durbars strong bureaucracy Indian Civil Service Mostly British, eventually added some Indians

33. Br. spends more money Grow new crops Irrigation Agricultural exports India imported manufactured goods Poverty was everywhere India brought in new industrial technology Railroads owned by the British, but run by Indians Cholera epidemics in the late 1800s Led to improvements in water works

34. Rising Indian Nationalism Idea to unify Indians Rammohun Roy From Bengal Worked for the Br. EIC Worked to change Hinduism To get rid of caste system To get rid of sati To get rid of child marriage

35. Nationalists came from the middle class Indian National Congress 1885 wanted more Indians in civil service reduction in military costs promoted unity

36. Britain’s Eastern Empire

37. Colonies and Commerce 1795-1796, Br. occupied Dutch territories to keep them away from the French. Afrikaners of South Africa were upset some left on the great trek created Orange Free State, Transvaal, and Natal colonies

38. The Br. continued on and took French territory in the Indian Ocean British gained Singapore Perfect place for Chinese trade

39. Imperial Policies and Shipping Br. gained a lot of colonies reluctant, did not want more than they could control Br. wanted to start free international trade trade increased with areas that were not colonies better ship technology encouraged this clipper ships

40. Colonization of Australia and New Zealand Exploration of Australia late 1700s 650,000 hunting an gathering people vulnerable to unfamiliar diseases by 1890, the British population outnumbered the indigenous population

41. British settlers first colonists 763 convicts sent into exile from Britain Discovery of gold in 1851 By 1860, 1 million immigrants By 1875, 2 million

42. New Zealand not settled as quickly seal skins whale hunting Government British encouraged them to be self governing wanted to avoid conflicts like the American Revolution indigenous people were excluded from govt. and voting were moved to reservations

43. New Labor Migrations 1834-1870 Indians, Chinese, and Africans went to labor overseas thousands of Asians after 1870 linked to the end of slavery need cheap labor force to compete with places like Cuba and Brazil the impoverished people of India and other places were recruited better ships made labor transport affordable

44. Contracts of Indenture bound people to work for 5-7 years in return for free passage British Caribbean colonies required 40 women for every 100 men To promote families