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Nationalism in Europe

Nationalism in Europe. Unification and Identity. Unification of Italy. In 1800, Italian Peninsula was made up of many independent states. They were divided by political boundaries cultural differences language differences trade barriers poor transportation. Italy Begins Unification.

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Nationalism in Europe

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  1. Nationalism in Europe Unification and Identity

  2. Unification of Italy • In 1800, Italian Peninsula was made up of many independent states. • They were divided by political boundaries cultural differences language differences trade barriers poor transportation

  3. Italy Begins Unification

  4. Move to Unify • Young Italy - secret society for Italian unification formed • Guiseppe Mazzini led movement for a nation-state (political organization with one nationality)

  5. What were Mazzini’s aims? Wanted democratic independent Italian Republic Encouraged people to see themselves as part of a nation Had concept of ‘Third Rome’ – a civilising influence on the world

  6. What were Mazzini’s methods? ‘Education and revolution’ Sought support from young educated m/class Constitutional monarchies seen as stop-gap only Italian people to drive the Austrians out Hoped that publicity and propaganda would create revolutionary class

  7. How successful was Mazzini? • Had little practical experience • Overestimated level of support – ignored problems of the peasants • Support was limited • All his plots to push out Austrian influence failed, especially after losing support of Pope • Some middle class alienated by his revolutionary stance • Made no attempt to win support from peasants and town workers

  8. How big an impact did Mazzini have on the Unification of Italy? • Began unity movement • Gave encouragement to Italian patriotism • Presented new view of Italy • Inspired Garibaldi to join movement • Helped to win international publicity for Italian freedom. Defence of Rome in 1849 was heroic failure • By his actions put pressure on Cavour and others to act more positively

  9. Path to Unify • Italians turned to King Charles Albert of Sardinia (Italian kingdom) to lead movement

  10. Sardinia Takes Over Movement • Charles Albert dies and leaves son, Victor Emmanuel II, king to lead unity movement • Emmanuel II hired Count Camillo di Cavour to help him unify Italy • Encouraged “Risorgimento” – resurgence or rebirth for united Italy • Cavour involved Italy in Crimean War • Won equality among European nations • Promoted industrialization for Italy

  11. Cavour – Foreign Policy • Aware of shortcomings of ‘Italia fara da se’ • Aimed to move Austrians out of Lombardy & Venetia • As PM had considerable control over foreign policy • 1854 – outbreak of Crimean War: Britain & France vs Russia • 15,000 troops sent to support France & GB

  12. Cavour and the Crimean War • Some doubt over motivation but perhaps aimed to gain support from GB & France • Troops played only minor role but did win respect & gratitude from allies • Congress of Paris (1856) dealt with peace negotiations • Cavour not directly involved in talks

  13. Cavour wins support • Foreign support & diplomacy seen as main successes • Also important was link with National Society • Number of its leaders beginning to accept Piedmont as focus for unification • Cavour now looked to France for help against Austria

  14. Napoleon III and Italian Unity • Had his own reasons for aiding Piedmont • Probably favoured federation headed by Pope

  15. War with Austria • 1859 War provoked with Austria • French (with limited help from Piedmont) won 2 closely fought victories • Austria on brink of surrender • Napoleon III now pulled put of the war – Truce of Villafranca! • Cavour was furious – resigned as PM

  16. Guiseppe Garibaldi • Military commander with his “Red Shirts” led South Italy to overtake and unite with Sicily • Strengthened Southern Italy as one territory

  17. Cavour and Garibaldi • Garibaldi raised volunteers to fight for Savoy • Instead went to Sicily • Cavour not happy – feared consequences of Garibaldi’s actions • Was torn between trying to stop Garibaldi and offering support • Attempts to stop him failed!

  18. North & South Unite • Cavour led troops to control northern regions of Italian states • Forced Garibaldi to offer merge • United North and South Italy as a constitutional monarchy • Victor Emmanuel II became first king of united Italy

  19. Italy • Victor Emmanuel led united nation • Completed national unity with new capital of Rome in 1871 • Passed voting reforms • Created united military • Created educational system • Initiated industrialization and worker laws • Built transportation and waterway systems • Formed alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary • All new nations looking to build system of defense from established nations of Europe

  20. Interpret It: • 1. Who is the “king” in this political cartoon? • 2. How is Garibaldi shown in the image? • 3. What symbolism is used to represent Italy? • 4. How does this political cartoon show the feelings of some toward the unification of Italy?

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