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CHEMISTRY OF LIVING THINGS

Chapter 2. CHEMISTRY OF LIVING THINGS. Learning Guide 702. 702 . Biochemistry - Study of chemical reactions of living things Atom – smallest piece of an element . Outline the Chapter . Read Chapter 2 Create an outline from your reading of the textbook and hand in Hand in . Test .

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CHEMISTRY OF LIVING THINGS

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  1. Chapter 2 CHEMISTRY OF LIVING THINGS

  2. Learning Guide 702 Revised 1/5/14

  3. 702 • Biochemistry-Study of chemical reactions of living things • Atom – smallest piece of an element Revised 1/5/14

  4. Outline the Chapter • Read Chapter 2 • Create an outline from your reading of the textbook and hand in • Hand in Revised 1/5/14

  5. Test • January 28, 2014 Revised 1/5/14

  6. Lesson 1 • Objectives: Relate the importance of chemistry and biochemistry to healthcare Revised 1/5/14

  7. Chemistry & Biochemistry Why do we need to know? Revised 1/5/14

  8. What are some Basic Chemical Reactions Revised 1/5/14

  9. *CHEMISTRY • study of chemical composition or structure of matter Revised 1/5/14

  10. **Biochemistry • Study of chemical reactions of living things Revised 1/5/14

  11. Chemistry & Healthcare • Chemotherapy and other drugs now are delivered more accurately on plastic patches and dissolving discs, and nanotechnology can deliver drugs to specific cells. • Premature babies are kept safe and warm in plastic incubators. • Vaccines have eradicated once crippling diseases. • Medical devices such as pacemakers and blood bags save lives every day. • Diabetics readily test their blood sugar levels with a simple chemical test. • Chemistry and Safe, Abundant Food and Water: • Food growers use chemistry to apply fertilizers that deliver essential nutrients to soil, resulting in a wholesome, abundant food supply—without fertilizers, the world food supply would shrink by one-third! • Food growers also use chemical compounds to eradicate a plethora of disease-carrying pests that compete for our food supply. • The World Health Organization estimates that diseases associated with dirty water kill at least 6,000 people every day. Chlorine chemistry is the most effective weapon against waterborne bacteria and viruses—that’s why water treatment facilities across the world rely on this basic element to clean and disinfect drinking water. • Chemistry and Active, Healthier Lives: • The gear and equipment we use today at the gym, on the playing field and on the trail are predominately products of chemistry. • Football, baseball, hockey, lacrosse, skateboarding—nearly every popular sport relies on plastic pads, helmets and other protection. • Cyclists, skiers, hikers, mountain climbers and other outdoor enthusiasts all rely on carbon fiber-reinforced plastic gear, safety equipment and clothing, from skis to helmets to goggles to ropes to insulating fibers. Revised 1/5/14

  12. Lesson 2 • Define Matter & Energy Revised 1/5/14

  13. MATTER AND ENERGY • Matter is anything that has weight and occupies space; it is neither created nor destroyed • Energy is the ability to do work • Potential energy • Kinetic energy Revised 1/5/14

  14. A&P WORKBOOK • Write out questions • Activity A # 1-6 • Study for test *** Revised 1/5/14

  15. Answers • Bone • Created nor destroyed • physical change • Blood/oxygen • Potential energy • Energy/energy/kinetic Revised 1/5/14

  16. Lesson 3 • Explain the structure of an atom, an element, and a compound Revised 1/5/14

  17. ELEMENTS • Substances from which all matter is made • Atoms that are alike combine to form elements Food we eat, atmosphere, smoke from chimney • There are 92 elements (Na, K, O) Revised 1/5/14

  18. **ATOMS • An atom is the smallest piece of an element • Atoms are made of subatomic particles • **Protons have a positive charge • **Neutrons have no charge • **Electrons have a negative charge Revised 1/5/14

  19. Isotopes • atoms of a specific element with the same number of protons but a different amount of neutrons • Radioactive Isotopes are unstable and may decay • Diagnostic and treatment Revised 1/5/14

  20. Radioactive Isotopes (Medical Imaging) Revised 1/5/14

  21. Compound • Combination of various elements • Combine in a definite proportion by weight • Ex: water (H20) 2 hydrogen atoms & one oxygen atom to form a liquid • NaCl – 1 sodium and one chlorine • Table salt Revised 1/5/14

  22. **Molecules • Smallest unit of a compound Revised 1/5/14

  23. IONS Smallest particle of a molecule; have a positive or negative charge • Positive charged ion – cation • Negatively charged ion – anion • Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) • Combined to form an “ionic bond” Revised 1/5/14

  24. Electrolytes • Compound that forms ions in a solution • In Medical Practice • Electrolytes – ions themselves in body fluids • Responsible for the acidity or alkalinity of solutions Revised 1/5/14

  25. **Lesson 4 – long • Describe the 4 main groups of organic compounds Revised 1/5/14

  26. 2 TYPES OF COMPOUNDS • Inorganic Compounds • Organic Compounds Revised 1/5/14

  27. **Difference between Inorganic & organic Compounds • Inorganic Compounds • Made of molecules that do not contain carbon (C) • Organic Compounds • Always contain the element carbon (C) • 4 Groups of organic compounds are: • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic acids Revised 1/5/14

  28. Inorganic Compounds • Do NOT contain C • Exceptions: CO2 & CaCO3 • WATER is the most important inorganic compound to living organisms Revised 1/5/14

  29. Organic compounds • Found in living things • Always contain elements: • Carbon, Oxygen & Hydrogen • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids Revised 1/5/14

  30. 1. CARBOHYDRATES • All carbohydrates are compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • 3 Groups of carbohydrates: • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides Revised 1/5/14

  31. Monosaccharides • Greek “mono” meaning one • One sugar • Single or simple sugars • Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose • Glucose – main source of energy or blood sugar • Stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells • Fructose – sweetest “mono” • Found in fruit and honey • Deoxyribose (DNA) and ribose (RNA) Revised 1/5/14

  32. Monosaccharides Revised 1/5/14

  33. Disaccharides • Known as a double sugar • Formed from 2 mono molecules by a chemical reaction known as dehydration synthesis • Disaccharides are: • Sucrose (table sugar) • Maltose (malt sugar) • Lactose- milk sugar Revised 1/5/14

  34. Table 2.2 – Dehydration Synthesis Revised 1/5/14

  35. Hydrolysis • Opposite of dehydration synthesis – large molecules are broken down into smaller by addition of water • Disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, & lactose) must be broken down by process of digestion (hydrolysis) to monosaccharides to be absorbed & used by the body. Revised 1/5/14

  36. Revised 1/5/14

  37. Polysaccharides • Poly means “many” • Large complex molecules bonded together in one long chain link molecule • Ex: starch, cellulose, and glucogen • Starch is found in root vegetables such as potatoes Revised 1/5/14

  38. Revised 1/5/14

  39. Revised 1/5/14

  40. 2. LIPIDS • Lipids contain less oxygen than hydrogen • Examples of lipids: • Fats • Phospholipids • Steroids Revised 1/5/14

  41. Characteristics of Lipids • Important source of stored energy • Make up essential steroid hormones • Help insulate our bodies • Intake excessive health problems incur Revised 1/5/14

  42. Fats • Consist of glycerol and fatty acids • Known as “triglycerides” • Most abundant in the body Revised 1/5/14

  43. Phospholipids • Found in cell membranes, brain, nervous tissue Revised 1/5/14

  44. Steroids • Lipids that contain cholesterol • Necessary in manufacture of Vit D • Production of male and female hormones • Can accumulate in arteries • Atherosclerosis • Sources: • Meat, eggs, and cheese • Liver manufactures cholesterol Revised 1/5/14

  45. Revised 1/5/14

  46. Lesson 5 • Organic compounds continued Revised 1/5/14

  47. 3. PROTEINS • found in all living things • Fingernails, hair, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and muslce • Amino acids are the small units that make up protein molecules • 22 amino acids • Table 2.3 Nine Essential Amino Acids Revised 1/5/14

  48. Enzymes • specialized protein molecules that help control chemical reactions in a cell • End in “ase” • Also known as Organic catalysts Revised 1/5/14

  49. 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS • Nucleic acids are the largest known organic molecules • made from thousands of repeating subunits called nucleotides • There are two major types of nucleic acids: • DNA • RNA Revised 1/5/14

  50. DNA • Involved in process of heredity • Nucleus of every human cell contains 46 (23 pairs) of chromosomes • Tells cell what to possess and what function it will have • Passes its genetic info from one generation to the next Revised 1/5/14

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