COMMUNICATION SYSTEM EEEB453 Chapter 5 (Part II) DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

1. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM EEEB453Chapter 5 (Part II)DIGITAL TRANSMISSION Intan Shafinaz Mustafa Dept of Electrical Engineering Universiti Tenaga Nasional http://metalab.uniten.edu.my/~shafinaz

2. PCM Quantization • Quantization is a process of rounding off the amplitudes of flat-top samples to a manageable number of levels. • With quantization, the total voltage range is subdivided into smaller number of sub ranges. Called folded binary code – mirror image Table1 shown a PCM code with a three-bit sign magnitude together with eight possible combinations.

3. PCM Quantization • Magnitude difference between adjacent steps is called quantization interval or quantum or step size or resolution. • Resolution = the magnitude of the minimum step size or, = magnitude of Vlsb . • From the Table 1, the quantization interval = 1V • The smaller the magnitude of the minimum step size, the better (smaller) the resolution and the more accurate the quantized signal will resembles the original signal. • Quantization noise, Qn ≈ Quantization error, Qe is due to any round-off errors (quantization) in the transmitted signal, and the error would be reproduced at the Rx. • Mathematically, Qn,e = ½ quantum = Vlsb/2

4. At t1, Vi = +2V, PCM code = 110, Qe = 0 • At t2, Vi = -1V, PCM code = 001, Qe = 0 • At t3, Vi = +2.6V, magnitude of the sample is rounded off to the nearest valid code, i.e +3V, PCM code = 111. The rounding off process results in a quantization error, Qe = 0.4V (a) Analog input signal (b) sample pulse (c) PAM signal (d) PCM code

5. Amplitudes of the signal m(t) lie in the range (-mp.mp), which is partitioned into L intervals. Then each magnitude, v = 2mp /L Where L = 2n, and n = number of bits.

6. An example of 2-bit quantization. • The quality of the PCM signal can be improved by: • Using more bits for PCM code • Reduce the magnitude of quantum • Improve the resolution • Sampling at higher rate An example of 3-bit quantization. An example of 3-bit quantization with increased sample rate.

7. Dynamic Range (DR) • Define as the ratio of largest possible magnitude to the smallest possible magnitude (other than 0V) that can be decoded by DAC in the Rx. • Mathematically, = where Vmax = max voltage magnitude, Vmin = resolution (quantum value) • Dynamic range is generally expressed in dB, therefore, DRdB = 20log

8. Dynamic Range (DR) • The number of bits used for a PCM code depends of the dynamic range i.e 2n – 1 ≥ DR and for a minimum number of bits 2n – 1 = DR or 2n = DR + 1 where n = number of bits in a PCM code, excluding the sign bit DR = absolute value of dynamic range Then DRdB = 20log (2n – 1), and for n > 4, DRdB ≈ 20log (2n) ≈ 6n,

9. Coding Efficiency • Coding efficiency is a numerical indication of how efficiently a PCM code is utilized. • It is the ratio of the minimum number of bits required to achieve a certain dynamic range to the actual number of PCM bits used. • Mathematically, Coding efficiency

10. Example 3 - For a PCM system with the following parameters, Maximum analog input frequency = 4kHz Maximum decoded voltage at the Rx = 2.55V Minimum dynamic range = 46dB, determine: • minimum sample rate • minimum number of bits used in the PCM code • resolution • quantization error • coding efficiency • Example 4 – In a digital PCM system, the maximum quantization error is 0.6% of the peak amplitude of the modulating signal of 10 Khz. Determine: • The number of quantization levels • The number of bits per sample • Total number of samples • Total number of bits.

11. Signal to Quantization Noise Ratio (SQR) • Linear codes – the magnitude change between any two successive codes is the same i.e the quantum/quantization interval is equal, thus the magnitude of the quantization errors are also equal. • Recall, maximum quantization noise, Qe = ½ quantum = Vlsb/2, • Then worst-case (minimum) voltage SQR (occurs when input signal is at its minimum amplitude) is • Maximum SQR occurs at the maximum signal amplitude, i.e From previous example,

12. Signal to Quantization Noise Ratio (SQR) • From the example, even though the magnitude of the Qe remains constant, the percentage of error decreases as the magnitude of the sample increase.Thus, SQR is not constant. • For linear PCM code i.e all quantization intervals have equal magnitude, SQR or SNR is defined as • Generally, SQRdB = 10.8 + 20 log v/q where v = rms signal voltage q = quantization interval or SQRdB = 6.02n + 1.76 where n = no. of bits (assume equal R)

13. Linear versus Nonlinear PCM Codes. • For linear coding, accuracy of the higher amplitude analog signal is the same as for the lower amplitude signal. • SQR for lower amplitude signal is less than the higher amplitude signal. • For voice transmission, low amplitude signals are more likely to occur than large amplitude signals. • Thus a nonlinear encoding is the solution. • With non-linear coding, the step size increases with the amplitude of the input signal. • Nonlinear encoding gives larger dynamic range. • SQR is sacrificed for higher amplitude signals to achieve more accuracy for the lower amplitude signals. • However, it is difficult to fabricate nonlinear ADC.

14. SQR at lower amplitude < SQR at higher amplitude Lower amplitude values are relatively more distorted More of voice signal is at lower amplitude Reduce step size at lower amplitude More accuracy at lower amplitude Sacrifices SQR at higher amplitude Provides higher dynamic range