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Cultural Diffussion

Cultural Diffussion. Chapter 3. “This is the life that you have been dealt”. King, Queen, or Jack= privileged people 10, 9, 8 or 7 = semi-privileged people 6, 5, or 4 = not privileged people 3, 2, and ace = inferior people

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Cultural Diffussion

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  1. Cultural Diffussion Chapter 3

  2. “This is the life that you have been dealt” King, Queen, or Jack= privileged people 10, 9, 8 or 7 = semi-privileged people 6, 5, or 4 = not privileged people 3, 2, and ace = inferior people The card you were dealt indicates your current status in the class

  3. 3 man chariot Hittite peace treaty signed circa 1258 BC with Egypt 1st to use iron weapons and tools

  4. Hittites (1650-1190 BC) • Moved into Asia Minor (Turkey) around 2000 BC • Conquered surrounding people: • Mesopotamia (Babylon-1531 BC) • Peace treaty with Egypt • 1st to use Iron weapons • 3 man chariot

  5. WHO WERE THE ARYANS?? • Arrived in India around 1500 BC • Indo-Europeans • came to control most of India • Pastoral to farming, warriors • Developed Sanskrit 1000 BC • Small kingdoms led by Rajas (princes, war leaders) • Developed the Caste System • Brought Hindu ideas & combined with traditional ideas • Vedas: sacred literature- 4 collections of prayers, magical spells ritual instructions BACK

  6. Sanskrit

  7. Cultural Diffusion

  8. The Caste System • Rigid social classes (varnas) Born into: position in society, economic potential • Based on occupation and extended Family network Castes: 1.Brahmans-top; priests 2.Kshatriyas-rulers and warriors 3.Vaisyas-commoners; merchants & farmers 4.Sudras- most people; peasants & Manual laborers; limited rights Untouchables-5 % of Pop.; not considered human; butchers, gravediggers, trash collectors BACK

  9. FAMILY LIFE • Patriarchal • Guru-teacher for young men • Arranged marriages • Divorce not allowed • Suttee- dead placed on funeral pyre, wives would burn themselves with their dead husbands in this ritual BACK

  10. Hinduism • Evolved over 1000’s of years • Diverse beliefs • Brahman: eternal being that created & preserves the world • Atman: soul, shapes personality & can’t be destroyed • Devas (gods) • 3 main: Brahma (creator), Vishnu (preserver), Siva (destroyer) • Rebirth & Salavation • Universe is continued pattern of birth, death and rebirth • Reincarnation (Samsara): After death the atman (soul) is released from the body & is reborn in another • Nature of new life is shaped by karma: sum effect of his/her deeds & actions during life • Improving station in life • Goal is moksha(salvation, perfect understanding): escape from the cycle of rebirth, atman leaves this world & reunites with Brahman, release from suffering • Dharma: set of spiritual duties & obligations • To achieve moksha must fulfill dharma

  11. Vishnu Brahma Siva

  12. Hinduism • Vedas (sacred text) • Hymns of praise • Collection of eternal knowledge • Revealed by Brahman • Upanishads • Dialogue on how to achieve moksha • Worship • Can occur anywhere • Offerings to the devas • Yoga to focus mind and body: meditation will help them achieve moksha • Jainism • Broke away in 500 BC • nonviolence • Asceticism: self-denial

  13. World’s biggest Hindu temple in New Dehli

  14. Buddhism • Origins • Founder Siddhartha Gautama • Buddha: enlightened one (not god) • Began in 500’s BC, Nepal • Buddha followed the path to enlightenment for 6 years • Meditation • Wanted to end suffering

  15. BUDDHISM • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) • Devoted his life to cure human suffering; pain poverty & suffering caused by attachment to material things; Let go • achieve Bodhi=wisdom; then Nirvana (ultimate reality)-the end of self and reunion with the great world soul • 4 Noble Truths- • Must follow the Middle Path (eightfold path) right… • In comparison to Hinduism: • Siddhartha accepted reincarnation, but not the caste system or the many Hindu gods • Philosophy rather than religion • Simplistic BACK

  16. Buddhism • Teachings: • Four noble truths • Suffering is a part of human life • Suffering comes from desire for material goods • Overcoming desires ends suffering • Desires can be overcome by following the eightfold path • Eightfold path: Steps that lead to enlightenment and salvation • Right view Right livelihood • Right effort Right mindfulness • Right attitude Right concentration • Right speech Right action • Those who follow the path could achieve Nirvana • The middle way: live in moderation, avoid extremes of comfort or discomfort in search of nirvana • Nirvana: a state of perfect peace • If a person didn’t achieve nirvana then reborn (reincarnation)

  17. Buddhism Dhammapada: sacred texts • All that we are is the result of what we have thought: it is founded on our thoughts, it is made up of our thoughts. If a man speaks or acts with evil thought, pain follows him, as the wheel follows the foot of the ox that draws the carriage. • If a man speaks or acts with a pure thought, happiness follows him, like a shadow that never leaves him. • He who lives looking for pleasures only, his senses uncontrolled, immoderate in his food, idle, weak, Mara will certainly overthrow him, as the wind throws down a weak tree.

  18. Buddhism • In comparison to Hinduism: • Siddhartha accepted reincarnation, but not the caste system or the many Hindu gods • Philosophy rather than religion • Simplistic • Guru • monk

  19. Buddhism • After Buddha’s death • Divisions formed • Theravada, Mahayana, Tibetan Buddhism • Spread • Reached peak in India in 200’s BC • No Missionaries • Trade spread to China, Korea, & Japan

  20. HINDUISM • Started by Aryans • Vedas- collection of ceremonies and poems • Brahman- form of ultimate reality or God; should seek to know this ultimate reality • Reincarnation • Karma-the force generated by a person’s actions which determines how they will return in the next life • Dharma-divine law; requires all people to do their duty • Yoga-union (with Brahman) state where the mind is at rest • 100’s of gods • 3 main gods: comparison • Brahma: the creator comparison w/ all • Vishnu: the preserver • Siva: the destroyer Back

  21. BUDDHISM • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) • Devoted his life to cure human suffering; pain poverty & suffering caused by attachment to material things; Let go • achieve Bodhi=wisdom; then Nirvana (ultimate reality)-the end of self and reunion with the great world soul • 4 Noble Truths- • Must follow the Middle Path (eightfold path) right… • In comparison to Hinduism: • Siddhartha accepted reincarnation, but not the caste system or the many Hindu gods • Philosophy rather than religion • Simplistic BACK

  22. Minoan Civilization(2700-1450 BC) • 1st Greek society • Farming and trade • Crete • Palace at Knossos • Tidal wave or invasion around 1450 BC?

  23. The Phoenicians • Located in Palestine • international sea traders • New routes & set up colonies • Roman alphabet is derived from the 22 character Phoenician alphabet and is the basis for the English alphabet

  24. The Israelites (Hebrews) • 1200-1000 BC • Nomadic Pastoralists • Abraham • God tells Abraham to go to Canaan • Covenant: solemn promise • Jacob (Israel) had 12 sons: become known as the 12 tribes of Israel • Abraham, Isaac and Jacob are patriarchs for modern Jews • Exodus • Israelites leave Canaan and go to Egypt due to famine • enslaved • Moses • Mt. Sinai: 10 commandments (Jewish law) • major influence on laws and values of Western Civilization • Wander desert for 40 years • Back to Canaan ( Palestine) • Tribes unite to form Israel

  25. Kingdom of Israel • Kings • Saul • David (1000 BC) • people of Israel unite • Defeat the Philistines (Goliath)

  26. Kingdom of Israel • King Solomon (970-930 BC) • Ancient Israel peaks • Wealth due to trade • Built Temple • 2 separate kingdoms emerge after Solomon’s death 931 BC) • Kingdom of Israel • 10 N. tribes • 722 BC Assyrians attack – tribes scatter 10 Lost Tribes • Kingdom of Judah • 2 S. tribes • 586 BC Chaldeans control • Destroy Solomon's temple • Babylonian captivity ~Diaspora: scattering of Jews outside Judah • Persia conquers Chaldeans and temple is rebuilt

  27. Judaism • stateless religion • God was not fixed on one specific land, but creator and lord of the whole world • Principles of Judaism • Monotheism: 1 God=Yahweh (YAH-way) • Waiting for the Messiah • Justice and Righteousness • Respect family, honest, don’t cheat, treat all ppl equally • Obedience to the law • 10 commandments, Mosaic laws (prayer, kosher) • Jewish sacred texts • Tanakh (39 books): Torah-first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible, Prophets and Writing • Talmud- explanations and interpretations of other sacred texts

  28. Western Wall

  29. The Phoenicians • Located in Palestine • international sea traders • New routes & set up colonies (Carthage) • Roman alphabet is derived from the 22 character Phoenician alphabet and is the basis for the English alphabet

  30. Hittites(1750 BC) • Moved into Asia Minor (Turkey) around 2000 BC • Conquered surrounding people due to: • Iron weapons • 3 man chariot • 1595 BC sack, loot & leave Babylon • Destroyed by the “Sea people”

  31. The Assyrians • Northern Mesopotamia- desirable land • Had to fight to maintain, so developed into a warrior society • Successful conquerors commit atrocities on their captives • Built a library at Nineveh (Capitol) • Chaldeans conquer

  32. Chaldeans • Southern Mesopotamia • 612 BC capture & torch Nineveh • Capital @ Babylon • Nebuchadnezzer II • Fought Egyptians & Jews • Capture Jerusalem (Jewish capital) • Building projects-including Hanging Gardens of Babylon • Empire ends when conquered by the Persians

  33. The Persians • Cyrus the Great (559-530 BC) founder • Captured Babylon & permitted Jews to return to Jerusalem • Showed mercy to enemies • Darius I (521-486 BC) • Created the largest empire in the world (of that time) • 20 Satrapies (provinces) led by Satrap • Royal Road-efficient system of communication • Immortals (elite standing army)- 10,000 cavalry & infantry • Zoroastrianism-Persian religion • Zoroaster (660 BC)=prophet • Zend Avesta: sacred book • Dualism: Heaven and hell, good and evil, ppl had free will • Ahuramazda-supreme god-monotheistic

  34. The Israelites (Hebrews) • Canaan-land promised to the Israelites by God • Abraham (1800 BC) • Covenant- God protected the Israelites and they promised to obey • 1650 BC Israelites migrated to Egypt due to drought • Fled in 1200 BC The Exodus • Led by Moses • Today remembered through Passover • The Ten Commandments- given to Moses on Mt. Sinai • 40 years- back to Canaan • Jacob (Israel) had 12 sons • Tribes unite to form Israel- 1020 BC • King Saul – 1st • David- united the tribes, Est. Jerusalem, dynasty

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