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Language and Cognition

“The words of language, as they are written or spoken, do not seem to play any role in my mechanism of thought. The physical entities which seem to serve as elements in thought are certain signs and more or less clear images .” Albert Einstein.

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Language and Cognition

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  1. “The words of language, as they are written or spoken, do not seem to play any role in my mechanism of thought. The physical entities which seem to serve as elements in thought are certain signs and more or less clear images.”Albert Einstein “Language is a process of free creation; its laws and principles are fixed, but the manner in which the principles of generation are used is free and infinitely varied. Even the interpretation and use of words involves a process of free creation.”Noam Chomsky Language and Cognition

  2. Cognitive psychology: Focuses on the study of higher mental processes • Thinking • Language • Memory • Problem solving • Knowing Reasoning • Judging • Decision making

  3. Bloom’s Taxonomy… • Each of you have been given a set of sentences about the levels of thinking. • 1. You have to put them in hierarchical order. From the lowest level of thinking to the highest .

  4. In 1956, Benjamin Bloom with collaborators Max Englehart, Edward Furst, Walter Hill, and David Krathwohl published a framework for categorizing educational goals: Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Familiarly known as Bloom’s Taxonomy, this framework has been applied by generations of K-12 teachers and college instructors in their teaching.

  5. Apply Bloom’s Taxonomy.. • Write an example on how can you use the Bloom’s Taxonomy in learning /teaching? • Select a Psychological concept that we have learned so far ..

  6. Thinking Activity.. • Each of you is given a set of words to unscramble. • All of you have words that share the same meaning. • When you finish unscrambling the words • Raise your hand and say finish……...

  7. The words were...the same but in different languages..What did you think when you friends finished so fast? • Italian words • Studente • Aprire • Insegnante • Cervello • oggi • English words • Student • Open • Teacher • Brain • Today

  8. Reasoning……… • Syllogistic reasoning: People draw a conclusion from a set of assumptions • Example • Premise 1: All professors are mortal • Premise 2: Dr. Rivera is a professor • Conclusion: Therefore, Dr. Rivera is mortal

  9. Algorithm: Rule that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to a problem • Example - a² + b² = c²

  10. Heuristic: Thinking strategy that may lead to a solution but may sometimes lead to errors • Representativeness heuristic - Rule one applies when judging people by the: • Degree to which they represent a certain category or group of people

  11. Availability heuristic - Judging the probability of an event on the basis of how easily the event can be recalled from memory • Familiarity heuristic - Familiar items are seen as superior to those that are unfamiliar

  12. What do you think of Computer based Artificial Intelligence ? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6p_2-KhVYU

  13. Emotional Response……. • 1.) When do people tend to gamble more? When there is a gain frame or a loss frame? • 2.) What are some of examples of framing effects in the real world? • 3.) Which areas of the brain lit up during the decision making task? • 4.) How do people control their emotional responses? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGQLO_iXKlU

  14. Discussion • What is your opinion in foreign language learning in school? • When should we start learning a new language?

  15. Language: Communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules

  16. Language Development: Developing a Way with Words • Babbling (babble): Meaningless speechlike sounds made by children • From around the age of 3 months through 1 year • “Critical periods” for language

  17. Language Development: Developing a Way with Words • Production of language • Telegraphic speech: Sentences in which words not critical to the message are left out • Overgeneralization: Children apply language rules even when the application results in an error

  18. Can your DNA predict how fast you learn a language…

  19. Language Development: Developing a Way with Words • Approaches • Learning theory approach: Language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement • Nativist approach: Genetically determined, innate mechanism • Universal grammar • Interactionist approach: Genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances

  20. The Influence of Language on Thinking • Linguistic-relativity hypothesis: Notion that language shapes and determine the way: • People in a specific culture perceive and understand the world

  21. Do Animals Use Language? • Many animals communicate with one another in rudimentary forms • Chimps are able to communicate at surprisingly high levels • Critics contend that the language animals use lacks: • Grammar and complex and novel constructions of human language

  22. Stone Age Language Mystery • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/language-mystery.html

  23. WUG Study • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElabA5YICsA

  24. Lie DETAECTORS • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/lie-detection.html

  25. References: • Citations are from A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. • http://cft.vanderbilt.edu/teaching-guid • es/pedagogical/blooms-taxonomy/

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