A2 Revision - 2

1. A2 Revision - 2 Based on previous questions, and potential answers to those questions

2. Revision topics – chosen by your teachers • OBLA - Lactate threshold • Impulse • Characteristics of World Games • Injury and recovery • Deviance & drug taking • Social facilitation - Zajonc's model and Baron's distraction - conflict theory • Motor unit recruitment - Spatial summation • ATP-PC energy systems

3. Lactate threshold – Typical question Elite performers follow structured training programmes to develop exceptional levels of fitness. Outline the relationship between ‘VO2 max’ and ‘lactate threshold’. (3 marks) Gymnastic events can last up to 90 seconds. Explain how the majority of energy is provided for these events. (7 marks)

4. Lactate Threshold/OBLA pyruvate glycolysis lactate 30 secs - 2 mins During intense exercise of short duration Glycogen is used as energy source Too much produced by - excess is converted to Can only last

5. ATP During high intensity exercise Glycogen/glucose anaerobic pyruvate Lactate Mitochondria fatigue

6. Lactate threshold lactate • When starts to in • Also known as • Percentage of • Occurs because of lack of in at start of exercise = - and during high intensity exercise - increase blood OBLA VO2 max oxygen mitochondria oxygen deficit anaerobic

7. Lactate tolerance • How well performer copes with accumulation • May depend on ability to acidity of accumulation • Fitter performers can remove quicker • May depend on – lactate buffer lactate lactate psychology pain barrier

8. Removal of lactate • During component of • 65% converted to – into and for resynthesis • 25% converted to pyruvate and then to in – • 10% converted to slow EPOC pyruvate mitochondria oxidised ATP glucose/glycogen liver Cori cycle protein

9. Impulse – Typical question The acceleration that a performer receives when sprinting or high jumping is related to impulse. What do you understand by the term impulse, and how does the athlete use impulse during their sprint or take-off? (3 marks)

10. Impulse • Measured during – force platforms on track • Displayed as Force x time sprinting Force.time graph

11. Impulse = force x time • shown as area under graph positive time force negative

12. Impulse a footfall horizontal forces footfall Landing Push-off • Impulse is mainly concerned with single events – • Involves only • Two parts to a • – negative horizontal forces • - positive horizontal forces

13. Typically Push-off - positive impulse positive Landing - negative impulse time force Net impulse is difference between positive and negative impulses negative

14. Typically Large positive impulse positive time force Net impulse is positive – performer is accelerating Small negative impulse negative

15. Typically Small positive impulse positive Large negative impulse time force Net impulse is negative – performer is decelerating negative

16. World games – Typical question 'World Class Events' is part of UK Sport's development programme, which aims to attract major sporting championships to the UK. Discuss the suggestion that hosting major championships will benefit the individual performer and the sport. (5 marks)

17. Characteristics of World games • performers • ‘ ’ for city/country • Large appeal • Requires major infrastructure – Elite Pre-qualifying Shop window Commercialised spectator/TV transport, accommodation, facilities

18. Effects of World games - performers • Highly to be/test themselves against • Make most of abilities – • High motivated the best reach potential Extrinsic rewards Self-satisfaction / pride expectations Role models

19. Effects of World games - performers • Great • Short • No Long-term goal sacrifices self-discipline/motivation career guarantee of success

20. Effects of World games - Country • impact – seen as successful, part of national character • Social impact – • Economic impact – financial success – • Can have negative impact - Cultural unite country tourism / regeneration / infrastructure failure

21. Effect of World Games - Government • Provide support – • May be used to demonstrate political success – • Successful bid seen as achievement on world-wide scale bidding, planning Beijing - London

22. Individual Society Why seek excellence? • National pride • Challenge • Employment • Reduces crime • Big money • Self-esteem • Healthy – increase mass participation • Role models

23. Not all good news exclusive minority • Elite sport for – requires substantial • Loss of morality • Physical and psychological damage from funding and resources – sportsmanship – increased deviancy over training and specialisation

24. Physical Psychological Qualities required for elite performer/performance Competitive Ability/skill Commitment Fitness Physique Mental toughness Muscle-fibre type Motivation Anatomical advantages - levers Single-minded Make sacrifices

25. Injury and recovery – Typical question How can a performer reduce the effects of ‘delayed on of muscle soreness’ (DOMS)? (3 marks) How may hyperbaric chambers aid injury rehabilitation? (3 marks)

26. Preparation to reduce injuries footwear • Use correct equipment – eg • Use protective equipment – eg • Appropriate clothing – eg • Training – eg • Danger of overtraining – especially children - shin pads microfibre during high temperatures core strength LTAD Warm up

27. Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness DOMS eccentric swelling muscle temperature Due to microscopic tissue damage – from intense exercise – especially contractions 24 hours after activity Causes and increased

28. Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness warm up gradually cool down passive stretching massage Prevention and/or recovery: Active Avoid strenuous eccentric muscle action Increase intensity of exercise An active , including Use to disperse fluids

29. Injury recovery Ice baths vasoconstriction • – - reduces tiny tears in - prevents ; following helps flush out • Massage – reduces ; removes muscles DOMS vasodilation lactate swelling lactate

30. Injury recovery oxygen • Hyperbaric chambers – contain at high pressure – quicker injury recovery - reduces • Hypoxic tents – simulates high altitudes - increases content of blood pressure and swelling oxygen

31. Deviancy – Typical Question Some sports have experienced violence, both on and off the field of play, involving both players and spectators. How does the law and sports legislation help to ensure that performers are protected during sporting contests? (3 marks) Explain the advantages and the disadvantages of all sports, in all countries, testing for performance enhancing drugs. (4 marks)

32. Deviancy in Sport • Deviant behaviour – against societies • Criminal deviant – • Morally deviant – against what is normally accepted as ‘ ’ behaviour – varies within society subgroups norms and values against the law good

33. Deviancy in Sport • Intentional breaking of rules or of sport – has detrimental effect • Cheating – • Accepting / illegal / • / • Breaks ethics dives fouls drugs bribes betting transfer bungs Hooliganism player violence contract to compete

34. Causes of deviancy • Individuals lacking • Individuals valuing winning above possible or • Rewards to resist temptation • Some deviant behaviour is becoming • Punishment due to pressures or possible moral restraint punishment loss of respect too great acceptable commercial insufficient legal action

35. Player violence • Spontaneous or planned Causes - over-arousal • Instinct theory • Frustration-aggression hypothesis • Social learning theory • Crowd incitement

36. Controlling players • Support • players • Use of / • Use with good discipline • awards • Training for players – • Training for officials – dealing with official’s decisions Punish video evidence citing officers role models Fair play anger management angry players

37. Leader’s responsibilities • Set • offenders • Keep offenders away from • Avoid over- of certain individuals • Get players to arousal • Avoid attitude good example Code of conduct Punish stressful situations arousal control win at all costs

38. Controlling Hooliganism • Segregation • Extra • Ban • All • Family of fans/banning of away fans policing/stewards/ID cards • CCTV/police intelligence on alcohol consumption -seater stadia enclosures

39. Drugs - Typical question ‘Elite sport performers should be allowed to use performance enhancing drugs just like any other training aid.’ Discuss this statement (5 marks)

40. Why performers may use drugs • Lack morality – • Assume everybody else is – • with drugs • Unaware of drugs • Unaware of • to achieve • Temptation to cheat why not me Success only achievable - given by coaches health risks Outside pressure speed up recovery

41. Battle against drugs testing regimes • Provide • those proved to have used drugs • Educate young against • Ensure performers aware of if they take drugs • Ensure performers aware of what is/what is not and what their are Punish use of drugs consequences allowed responsibilities

42. Stamp out drugs health hazards • Educate performers about • Make performers responsibilities clear and consequences of • Increase number of no warning • Increase punishment for proven • Use positive to encourage young performers to not use drugs. • Continue to develop • Use the law - make taking of PEDs positive test tests drug use role models better tests illegal

43. Drug testing • Not same for all in UK • Performer notifies NADO of • Tester arrives • Urine • Strict - • Not all drugs leave traces in • If first sample positive – sports whereabouts unannounced sample procedure 2 samples urine 2nd sample tested

44. Legalising Drugs in Sport For Against Save time/money Health risk Dysfunctional role models Some undetectable Aids spectacular performances Pressure to take drugs Competitors should make own opinion Unfair - cheating Destroy competition ethos Everyone at same level

45. Social facilitation – Typical question Explain the concept of ‘social facilitation’ and how it can affect performance. (7 marks)

46. Social facilitation The effects of the presence of an on audience performance • Audience: • primary spectators – • secondary spectators – • co-actors – at the event on TV other competitors

47. Zajonc • Audience produces increase in • Increase in arousal leads to increase in performance of • Hence good/improved performance on well-learned or • Negative effect/worse performance on complex or Drive theory arousal dominant response simple tasks poorly-learned tasks

48. Increase in arousal Increased probability of dominant response Dominant response usually poor or incorrect Dominant response usually correct or well-learned Audience or coactors impair performance – Audience or coactors enhance performance – social inhibition social facilitation

49. Cotterell • Different audiences can have effects • Called • Evaluative audience - increases effect of arousal different evaluation apprehension

50. Baron’s Distraction-conflict theory • Audience takes up capacity • Sufficient capacity for skills, but in tasks, audience affects and increases and hence affects • Any limits processing • capacity and increases information processing simple complex attention arousal performance distraction arousal