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Introduction to Animals

Introduction to Animals . WHAT IS AN ANIMAL?. ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS. HETEROTROPH MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTIC DO NOT HAVE CELL WALLS. INVERTEBRATE VS. VERTEBRATE. INVERTEBRATE DO NOT HAVE BACKBONES OR VERTEBRAL COLUMN 95% OF ALL ANIMAL SPECIES VERTEBRATE HAS BACKBONE THE OTHER 5%.

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Introduction to Animals

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  1. Introduction to Animals WHAT IS AN ANIMAL?

  2. ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS • HETEROTROPH • MULTICELLULAR • EUKARYOTIC • DO NOT HAVE CELL WALLS

  3. INVERTEBRATE VS. VERTEBRATE • INVERTEBRATE • DO NOT HAVE BACKBONES OR VERTEBRAL COLUMN • 95% OF ALL ANIMAL SPECIES • VERTEBRATE • HAS BACKBONE • THE OTHER 5%

  4. WHAT ANIMALS DO TO SURVIVE • 7 ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS • PHYSIOLOGY- STUDY OF FUNCTIONS OF ORGANISMS • ANATOMY- STRUCTURE OF THE BODY ALLOWS THE FUNCTIONS TO BE CARRIED OUT • MOST HELP WITH MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS

  5. WHAT ANIMALS DO TO SURVIVE CONT. • FEEDING- MUST INGEST FOOD FOR ENERGY • HERBIVORES, CARNIVORES, OMNIVORES, DETRITIVORES, ETC. • FILTER FEEDERS- AQUATIC ANIMALS THAT STRAIN TINY FLOATING ORGANISMS FROM THE WATER • RESPIRATION- ALL ANIMALS RESPIRE • TAKE IN O2 AND GIVE OFF CO2 • CIRCUALTION- MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS THROUGH THE BODY

  6. WHAT ANIMALS DO TO SURVIVE CONT. • EXCRETION- • EXCRETORY SYSTEM EITHER ELIMINATES AMMONIA QUICKLY OR CONVERTS IT TO A LESS TOXIC SUBSTANCE THAT IS REMOVED FROM THE BODY • RESPONSE- • RESPONDS TO EVENTS IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT • MOVEMENT- • MOST ARE MOTILE IN SOME FORM; INCLUDES MOVEMENT OF MUSCLES TO PUMP WATER AND FLUIDS THROUGH BODY • REPRODUCTION- • SEXUAL- MAINTAINS GENETIC DIVERSITY • ASEXUAL- INCREASES NUMBERS RAPIDLY

  7. TRENDS IN ANIMAL EVOLUTION • MOVES FROM SIMPLE TO MORE COMPLEX • COMPLEX ANIMALS TEND TO HAVE: • HIGH LEVELS OF CELL SPECIALIZATION AND INTERNAL BODY ORGANIZATION • BILATERAL BODY SYMMETRY, • A FRONT END OR HEAD WITH SENSE ORGANS • A BODY CAVITY • EMBRYOS DEVELOP IN LAYERS

  8. Cell specialization and levels of organization • Cells are specialized to carry out different functions • Groups of specialized cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form organs systems which all work together to carry out a variety of complex functions

  9. Early development • Animals that reproduce begin life as a zygote • Zygote undergoes a series of divisions to form a blastula • A hollow ball of cells • Blastula folds in on itself forming a single opening called the blastopore • Leads into a central tube that becomes the digestive tract

  10. Early development cont. • Digestive tract forms one of two ways • Protostome- is an animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore • Most invertebrates are protostomes • Deuterostome- is an animal whose anus is formed from the blastopore and the mouth is formed second • Anus- opening through which waste leaves the digestive tract • Echinoderms and all vertebrates

  11. Early development cont. • Cells differentiate into three layers • Endoderm- innermost germ layer • Develop linings of digestive tract and much of the respiratory system • Mesoderm- middle germ layer • Gives rise to muscles, and much of the circulatory reproductive, and excretory systems • Ectoderm- outer layer • Gives rise to the sense organs, nerves and outer layer of skin

  12. Body symmetry • Every animal, except sponges, exhibits some type of body symmetry • Radial symmetry- have body parts that repeat around the center of the body • Any number of imaginary planes can be drawn through the center and each will divide the body into equal halves • Sea anemones, star fish, • Bilateral symmetry- one single imaginary plane can divide the body into two equal halves • Have left and right sides • Usually have front and back ends • Anterior- front • Posterior- back • Upper and lower sides • Dorsal- upper side • Ventral- lower side • Allows for segmentation-body is constructed of many repeating and similar parts or segments • Ex. Worms, crayfish, insects etc.

  13. Cephalization • The concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front end of the body • Respond to the environment more quickly and in more complex ways • Usually move with the anterior end forward • The more complex an animal the more pronounced the cephalization

  14. Body cavity formation • Most animals have a body cavity • A fluid filled space that lies between the digestive tract and the body wall • Important because: • It provides a space in which internal organs can be suspended so that they are not pressed on by muscles or twisted out of shape by body movements • Allow for specialized regions to develop • Provide room for internal organs to grow and expand

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