Chapters 1 &2 The Scope & Science of Biology

1. Chapters 1 &2 The Scope & Science of Biology Enduring Understandings: Biology explores life from the global to the microscopic scale Biology explores life in its diverse forms Ten themes unify the study of life

2. Biology: The study of life or living and once-living things. Living things share 8 characteristics. No single characteristic sufficiently describes a living thing. Characteristics of Living Things

3. 8 Characteristics of Life

4. What are cells? • Cells – collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings. • Organisms consisting of only one cell are unicellular (bacteria) • Organisms consisting of more than one cell are multicellular (dogs, trees, humans)

5. Sexual reproduction: requires two cells from different individuals unite to produce the first cell of a NEW organism. Asexual reproduction:a single organism can reproduce without the aid of another. 2 Types of Reproduction

6. Growth and Development • Most living things go through a cycle of change called development. • A single cell that starts an organism’s life divides and changes again and again to form the many and varied cells of an adult organism. • As this process continues, organisms experience a process called aging in which the organism becomes progressively less efficient and eventually dies.

7. Obtaining and Using Energy • All organisms require energy to build the substances that make up their cells. • Metabolism: the total sum of all chemical reactions in the body. • Anabolism: process in a living thing that involves putting together or synthesizing, complex substances from simpler ones (Example?) • Catabolism: process in a living thing that involves the breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones (Example?) Catabolism Anabolism Catabolism

8. Stimulus - anything in the environment that causes an organism to react. (Examples?) Irritability – the ability of living things to respond to stimuli. (Plant leaves, stems & roots) Homeostasis – an organism’s ability to maintain constant or stable conditions that are necessary for life. . . Examples? Responding to Their Environment

9. Organizational Levels of Life

10. Hierarchal System of Classification

11. Three Domains of Life

12. Ten Themes of Biology • Biological systems • Cellular Basis of Life • Form & Function • Reproduction & Inheritance • Interaction with the Environment • Energy & Life • Regulation • Adaptation & Evolution • Biology & Society • Scientific Inquiry

13. Biological Systems

14. Cellular Basis of Life Euglena

15. Form & Function

16. Reproduction & Inheritance

17. Interaction with the Environment

18. Energy & Life

19. Regulation

20. Adaptation & Evolution

21. Biology & Society

22. Scientific Inquiry

23. Self-Assessment • Use an example to describe one of the ten themes of biology discussed. • Identify and explain a way you have interacted with the environment today. • In biological terms, are you a producer or consumer? Explain.

24. Self-Assessment • Which of the following levels of organization includes all the others? • Organisms, cells, biosphere, molecules, ecosystems • Explain the relationship between the terms species and organism • Identify the categories of classification from largest to smallest.

25. The Scientific Method State the Problem Form a Hypothesis Set Up a Controlled Experiment Record Results Analyze Results Draw a Conclusion Publish Results

26. Control Your Experiment! • A hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only one variable, the independent variable, is changed at a time. • The set up with the I.V. introduced is the experimental set-up. • The control set-up does not have the I.V. introduced and is used for comparison • The result that you measure is called the dependent variable • All other variables, the controlsorcontrolled variables, should be kept unchanged, or controlled.

27. In 1668, Francisco Redi proposes an experiment to prove that maggots do not arise from meat “out of nowhere.” Section 1-2 Controlled Variables: jars, type of meat, location, temperature, time Manipulated Variables: gauze covering that keeps flies away from meat • Identify the following components of Redi’s experiment: • Dependent variable • Independent variable • Controlled variables • According to the diagram, what should Redi conclude?

28. Theory v. Hypothesis • A hypothesis is a prediction, or educated guess about why or how something occurs in nature. • A theory is when a particular hypothesis is supported by many scientists after rigorous testing.