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Solutions and Solubility

Solutions and Solubility. A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances. The solute is(are ) the substance(s ) present in the smaller amount(s ). It gets dissolved. The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount. It does the dissolving. 12.1.

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Solutions and Solubility

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  1. Solutions and Solubility

  2. A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances The soluteis(are) the substance(s) present in the smaller amount(s). It gets dissolved. The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount. It does the dissolving. 12.1

  3. TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

  4. Alloys An alloy is a metallic solid solution composed of two or more elements. The elements are not chemically combined and can be separated by physical means (boiling point). Examples: Brass Stainless Steel Jewelry ‘Alloy Wheels’

  5. TYPES OF ALLOYS

  6. dry How do you know if something is dissolving and is becoming a solution or reacting?Dissolution vs reaction NiCl2(s) Ni(s) + HCl(aq) NiCl2(aq) + H2(g) • Dissolution is a physical change—you can get back the original solute by evaporating the solvent. • If you can’t, the substance didn’t dissolve, it reacted.

  7. Soluble: when a solid or gas solute dissolves • Insoluble: when solid or gas solute does not dissolve • Miscible: Liquid solute dissolves in a liquid solvent • Immiscible: liquid solute does not dissolve in liquid solvent

  8. Types of Solutions

  9. Unsaturated Solution • Less than the maximum amount of solute for that temperature is dissolved in the solvent. • Solvent can hold more • No solid remains in flask.

  10. Saturated Solution • Solvent has reached its maximum holding capacity of solute at that temperature. • Undissolved solid remains in flask. • Dissolved solute is in dynamic equilibrium with solid solute particles.

  11. Supersaturated Solution • Supersaturated • Solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at that temperature. This is done by heating up the solution and forcing it to hold more than its maximum. • These solutions are unstable; crystallization can often be stimulated by cooling and or by adding a “seed crystal” or shaking / scratching the side of the flask.

  12. UNSATURATED SOLUTION more solute dissolves SATURATED SOLUTION no more solute dissolves SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION becomes unstable, crystals form Solubility increasing concentration

  13. Lake Nyos DisasterCameroon – West Africa • Claimed 1800 victims in August 1986 • The CO2 is seeping from springs beneath the lake and is trapped in deep water by the high hydrostatic pressure. • If the CO2 saturation level is reached, the lake can not hold any more CO2. • CO2 bubbles appear and draw a rich mixture of gas and water up. This is triggered by a landslide. • An avalanche process is triggered which results in an explosive over-turn of the whole lake. Tremendous explosion of CO2 occurs asphyxiating human beings and all terrestrial animals within a 25 km radius. • Since 1990 a French team has carried out a series of tests in an attempt to release the gas slowly through vertical pipes.

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