RNA and Protein Synthesis Nancy Dow Jill Hansen Tammy Stundon October 20, 2012

1. Biology Partnership (A Teacher Quality Grant) RNA and Protein Synthesis Nancy Dow Jill Hansen Tammy Stundon October 20, 2012

2. Pre-test Q and A board What is RNA How do we use RNA? What are the different forms of RNA? How do we produce an actual human from just a series of letters??

3. Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards SC.912.L.16.3 Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of the genetic information. Also Assesses SC.912.L.16.4 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence may or may not result in phenotypic change. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in offspring. SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. SC.912.L.16.9 Explain how and why the genetic code is universal and is common to almost all organisms

4. Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards Benchmark Clarifications • Students will describe the process of DNA replication and/or its role in the transmission and conservation of genetic information. • Students will describe gene and chromosomal mutations in the DNA • sequence. • Students will explain how gene and chromosomal mutations may or may not result in a phenotypic change. • Students will explain the basic processes of transcription and/or translation, and their roles in the expression of genes. • Students will explain that the basic components of DNA are universal in organisms. • Students will explain how similarities in the genetic codes of organisms are due to common ancestry and the process of inheritance.

5. Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards Content Limits • Items requiring the analysis of base pairs for gene mutations are limited to changes in a single gene. • Items may refer to but will not assess the cell cycle, mitosis, and/or meiosis. • Items will not require memorization of specific conditions resulting from chromosomal mutations. • Items may refer to the process of meiosis in the context of mutations but will not assess meiosis in isolation. • Items addressing transcription or translation will not require specific knowledge of initiation, elongation, or termination

6. Blame it on the DNA

7. Structure of DNA DNA is made of subunits called nucleotides DNA nucleotides are composed of a phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base The 4 bases in DNA are: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)

8. Remember Replication? 8

9. Hold up, wait a minute…. • DNA is only found in the nucleus • Who we are, how we look, and the mechanisms that make are body function are all determined by proteins • Proteins are only made in the ribosome..

10. Why do we need both DNA and RNA? DNA holds all the genetic information DNA damage = mutation Safer in the nucleus RNA acts as messenger

11. Why do we need both DNA and RNA?

12. Central Dogma holds that genetic information is expressed in a specific order. This order is as follows Central Dogma Video

13. DNA vs RNA Sugar Bases Strand

14. DNA vs RNA

15. Types of RNA

16. RNA Foldable

17. Types of RNA 3 2 1 1 2 3

18. Three Types of RNA 1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized .

19. Protein Synthesis: Step 1 Transcription –the making of messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA in the nucleus • DNA unwinds and mRNA is made complementary to the DNA • A=U • G=C • 3 nitrogen bases in mRNA is called a codon

20. Protein Synthesis: Step 1 • Where to start? • DNAunzips along hydrogen bonds • Free RNA nucleotides pair with the complementary DNA bases (C-G and U-A) • along the exposed DNA strand forming an RNA transcript • RNA transcript released from the DNA • DNA closes again

21. The transfer of information in the nucleus from a DNAmolecule to an RNA molecule Protein Synthesis: Step 1 • Only 1 DNA strand serves as template • Starts at promoter DNA (TATA) • Ends at terminator (AAAAA) • When complete, preRNA molecule is released

22. Protein Synthesis: Step 1 ½ • A specialized nucleotide is added to the beginning of each mRNA molecule which forms a cap. It helps the mRNA strand bind to a ribosome and prevents the strand from being broken down too fast. • The end of the mRNA molecule gets a string of AAAA nucleotides (poly A tail) that helps the mRNA molecule exit the nucleus. • The extra footage takes the form of nucleotide segments that are not included in the final protein. Not all the RNA codes for something!

23. Contains unwanted bases The ‘junk’ sequences (called introns) are removed from the message and the remaining sequences (exons) are linked together to produce a sequence of codons that will translate into a polypeptide. This process occurs before the message leaves the nucleus. Cleaning Up the Message

24. Protein Synthesis: Step 1 ½ There’s Junk in My DNA! Final processing of the mRNA includes removal of introns, leaving the exons to direct protein synthesis

25. Need a Potty Break? See you in 15

26. Let’s Catch Up DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for Protein

27. The Language of Proteins • Each 3 nucleotide sequence in an mRNA strand is called a codon. • Each codon codes for a 1 amino acid. • The codon sequence codes for an amino acid using specific rules. These specific codon/amino acid pairings is called the Genetic Code.

28. There are 64 (43) possible codes, but only 20 amino acids. More than 1 triplet may code for the same amino acid. This is fine as long as no triplet can code for more than one a.acid. Note that several codons can also act as start (AUG) or stop (UAA) signals. The Language of Proteins

29. The Genetic Code Toss the Ball Review Codon Music

30. Time to Practice!

31. Mutations • Mutation: change in DNA • If a base is substituted or deleted, the triplet(s) are different • This sometimes leads to difference in the protein

32. Putting it All Together

33. Putting it All Together • rRNA (ribosomal RNA) attaches to mRNA and starts reading the codons • tRNA (transfer RNA) – carries amino acids and attaches them to the growing protein chain • When protein production is complete, the ribosome releases the protein chain

35. Putting it All Together Structure • Two subunits, each composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein Function • Bring tRNA bearing an amino acid close enough to mRNA to interact • Permit alignment of anticodon and codon

37. DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for Protein

39. Transcription Translation 39

40. Scavenger hunt

41. Follow Up UAG Q/A board Post Test

42. Try It - Simulations

43. Cool Stuff Awesome Scarf Genome Quilts

44. From Gamer to Scientist

46. Some Other Goodies • Trippy Protein Synthesis Dance • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqvYOr78THo (Blame it on the DNA) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Q2Ba2cFAew&feature=related (Central dogma) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpMhgAGybe4 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPlnDzkBrpc (mario translation) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ldkJxCzXak (sing along)? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQv5Ho8zsKI codon bell ringer • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVrkBJz9q0g Born to be wildtype (bad singing) • Trippy Protein Synthesis Dance • Tik Tok (Protein Synthesis) • Translation Mario Style • The Cell Will Survive (Sing Along) • Genetic Music • DNA Song • DNA, Hotpockets, and the Longest Word Ever