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Chapter 23

Chapter 23. Part one. Budgetary Planning. Budgeting Basics. Preparing the Operating Budgets. Preparing the Financial Budgets. Budgeting in Non-manufacturing Companies. Budgeting & accounting Benefits Essentials of effective budgeting Length of budget period Budgeting process

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Chapter 23

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  1. Chapter 23 Part one

  2. Budgetary Planning Budgeting Basics Preparing the Operating Budgets Preparing the Financial Budgets Budgeting in Non-manufacturing Companies Budgeting & accounting Benefits Essentials of effective budgeting Length of budget period Budgeting process Budgeting and human behavior Budgeting and long-range planning The master budget Sales Production Direct materials Direct labor Manufacturing overhead Selling and administrative expense Budgeted income statement Cash Budgeted balance sheet Merchandisers Service Not-for-profit

  3. Budgeting Basics Budget • A formal written statement of management’s plans for a specified future time period, expressed in financial terms • Primary way to communicate agreed-upon objectives to all parts of the company • Promotes efficiency • Control device- important basis for performance evaluation once adopted

  4. Budgeting Basics – Role of Accounting • Historical accounting data on revenues, costs, and expenses help in formulating future budgets • Accountants normally responsible for presenting management’sbudgeting goals in financial terms • The budget and its administration are, however, entirely management’s responsibility

  5. Budgeting Basics - Benefits • Requires all levels of management to plan aheadand formalize goals on a recurring basis • Providesdefinite objectivesfor evaluating performance at each level of responsibility • Creates anearly warning systemfor potential problems LO 1: Indicate the benefits of budgeting.

  6. Budgeting Basics - Benefits • Facilitatescoordination of activitieswithin the business • Results ingreater management awarenessof the entity’s overall operations and the impact of external factors • Motivates personnelthroughout organization to meet planned objectives LO 1: Indicate the benefits of budgeting.

  7. Budgeting Basics - Benefits A budget is anaid to management not a substitute for management. LO 1: Indicate the benefits of budgeting.

  8. Let’s Review Which of the following is not a benefit of budgeting? a. Management can plan ahead. b. An early warning system is provided for potential problems. c. It enables disciplinary action to be taken at every level of responsibility. d. The coordination of activities is facilitated. LO 1: Indicate the benefits of budgeting.

  9. Effective Budgeting • Depends on a sound organizational structure with authority and responsibility for all phases of operations clearly defined • Based on research and analysis with realistic goals • Accepted by all levels of management LO 2: State the essentials of effective budgeting.

  10. The Budget Period • May be prepared forany period of time Most common - one year Supplement with monthly and quarterly budgets Different budgets may cover different time periods • Long enough to provide an attainable goal and minimize seasonal or cyclical fluctuations • Short enough for reliable estimates • Continuous twelve-month budget Drop the month just ended and add a future month Keeps management planning a full year ahead LO 2: State the essentials of effective budgeting.

  11. The Budgeting Process • Base budget goals on past performance Collect data from organizational units Begin several months before end of current year • Develop budget within theframework ofasales forecast Shows potential industry sales Shows company’s expected share $ $ $ $ LO 2: State the essentials of effective budgeting.

  12. The Budgeting Process Factors considered in Sales Forecasting: • General economic conditions • Industry trends • Market research studies • Anticipated advertising and promotion • Previous market share • Price changes • Technological developments LO 2: State the essentials of effective budgeting.

  13. Budgeting and Human Behavior Participative Budgeting • May inspire higher levels of performance or discourage additional effort • Depends on how budget developed and administered • Invite each level of management to participate This “bottom-to-top” approach is called Participative Budgeting LO 2: State the essentials of effective budgeting.

  14. Participative Budgeting • Advantages: More accurate budget estimates because lower level managers have more detailed knowledge of their area Tendency to perceive process as fair due to involvement of lower level management • Overall goal - produce a budget considered fair and achievable by managers while still meeting corporate goals • Risk of unreliable budgets greater when they are “top-down” LO 2: State the essentials of effective budgeting.

  15. Participative Budgeting Disadvantages: • Can be time consuming and costly • Can foster budgetary “gaming” through budgetary slack: situation where managersintentionally underestimate budgeted revenues or overestimate budgeted expenses so that budget goals are easier to meet LO 2: State the essentials of effective budgeting.

  16. Participative Budgeting Flow of budget data from lower management to top levels LO 2: State the essentials of effective budgeting.

  17. Budgeting Versus Long Range Planning • Three basic differences between Budgeting and Long Range Planning: • Time period involved • Emphasis • Detail presented • Time period: • Budgeting is short-term – usually one year • Long range planning - at least five years LO 2: State the essentials of effective budgeting.

  18. Let’s Review The essentials of effective budgeting do notinclude: a. Top-down budgeting. b. Management acceptance. c. Research and analysis. d. Sound organizational structure. LO 2: State the essentials of effective budgeting.

  19. The Master Budget • A set of interrelated budgets that constitutes a plan of action for a specified time period • Contains two classes of budgets: Operating budgets: Individual budgets that result in the preparation of the budgeted income statement – establish goals for sales and production personnel Financial budgets: The capital expenditures budget, the cash budget, and the budgeted balance sheet – focus primarily on cash needs to fund operations and capital expenditures LO 3: Identify the budgets that comprise the master budget.

  20. The Master Budget - Components LO 3: Identify the budgets that comprise the master budget.

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