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Interactions in Parasitism and Mutualism: Coevolution and Symbiosis

Explore the dynamics of parasitism and mutualism, from modes of transmission to coevolutionary relationships, and how population regulation impacts their coexistence. Learn about the challenges, beneficial relationships, and regulation of host populations in these symbiotic interactions. Discover terms like obligatory and facultative mutualisms and the range of mutualistic relationships in different ecosystems.

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Interactions in Parasitism and Mutualism: Coevolution and Symbiosis

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  1. Chapter 16 Parasitism and Mutualism types, modes of transmission coevolutionary relationships population regulation

  2. Coevolution and symbiosis • Evolution in response to interaction w/ another species • Prey defenses response to hunting efficiency • Closer between parasites and their hosts during symbiosis=relationship

  3. Parasites • 2 organisms together with one deriving nourishment at the expense of the other • Can result in disease

  4. Microparasites • Viruses, Bacteria, and Protozoa • Small in size • Short generation time • Multiply rapidly in the host • Produce immunity • Spread by direct transmission • Assoc. w/ dense population of host • Worms, lice, ticks, fleas, rusts, fungi

  5. Macroparasites • Worms, lice, ticks, fleas, rusts, fungi • Longer generation time • Rarely multiply directly on host • Persist w/ continual reinfection • Spread by both direct and indirect transmission

  6. Challenges to the relationship • Parasite and host • Specialty sites on the host • Gaining entrance and escape from the host • Transmission between hosts by other organisms- vectors • Or intermediate hosts- often feeding related Definitive host – intermediate - definitive

  7. Definitive host – intermediate - definitive

  8. Beneficial relationships

  9. Host response • Behavioral changes • Inflammatory • Activation of the immune system • Reduced host reproduction • 2nd factors • Mortality • Fecundity reduced Most often host and parasite develop mutual tolerance

  10. Mutual tolerance

  11. Regulation of host populations • After the initial introduction • Mortality can spread to eventual extinction or • Mutualism can develop after immune response • Dependent on reciprocal relationship

  12. Terms to consider • Obligatory – necessary to every exchange or life stage or means of surviving • Facultative – can be switched to alternative route or means given an advantage • Facilitative, increasing the fitness

  13. Symbiotic mutualisms • Involved in uptake of nutrients in both animals and plants • Chambers in ruminants stomach • Bacteria and protozoa/ fermentation • Nitrogen fixing bacteria • In plant root nodules • Fungi for mycorrhizal associations • In plant roots

  14. Nutrient transfer- mutualism

  15. Range of mutualistic relationships • Not all mutualistic are symbiotic • Pollination of flowering plants • Structures designed to avoid waste of pollen • Optimizes or imparts a benefit • Seed dispersal • Place seeds inside a delicious or attractive fruiting body • Survive the ride and still leave a deposit

  16. Geographic range/ interdependence

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