Capitalization and Punctuation

1. Capitalization and Punctuation Guide Signs for the English Language

2. Capitalization Rules pt. 1 • Capitalize proper nouns and words formed from proper nouns • People, countries, continents, cities, mountains, streets • Capitalize names of particular things • Organizations, calendar days, historical events, languages, and official classes • Capitalize proper adjectives • American money, British tea

3. Capitalization Practice • The river jordan flows south from lebanon into the dead sea. • The falkland islands lie about three hundred miles east of the strait of magellan in the atlantic ocean. • We strolled along pennsylvania street in indianapolis, indiana. • The great barrier reef along the coast of queensland, australia is the largest coral reef in the world. • The hwang ho river empties into the gulf of chihli, and the yangtze river empties into the east china sea.

4. Capitalization Rules pt .2 • Capitalize titles when they are used before a name • President Truman, Mayor George Freeman, Dr. Ben Jones • Titles that follow a name or that are used alone are not capitalized - i.e. Ahab the king, the senator, the president • Capitalize family relationship words when they are used before a name and when used in place of a name • We saw Uncle Anthony at the store. • What shall we buy Mother for her birthday? • Her father is a baseball player.

5. Capitalization Rules pt .2 • Capitalize the titles of works like books, magazines, stories, plays, and works of art • The Man Who Would Be King, The Miami Herald • Capitalize the first word of every sentence • Capitalize the pronoun “I” and the interjection “Oh” • Oh man, I am in trouble! • Capitalize the first line in every line of poetry • For tho’ from out our bourne of Time and Place The flood may bear me far, I hope to see my pilot face to face When I have crost the bar.

6. Capitalization Practice • each morning, the miami herald is delivered to the school. • we enjoyed the college production of the pirates of penzance. • That sculpture is a copy of the thinker by rodin. • they have several general electric appliances at their house. • A water supply reservoir for pasadena, california, is formed by morris dam on the san gabriel river.

7. Punctuation pt. 1 : Using End Marks • A declarative sentence ends with a period (.) • One that makes a statement • An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark (?) • One that asks a question • An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation point (!) • One that expresses strong feeling • An abbreviation ends with a period (.) • Mr. Dr. Mrs. A.M. B.C.

8. Punctuation Practice • Who did you say that you were • Every way of a man is right in his own eyes • Watch out • Ireland has a mild climate • What are you doing here • Be strong and of a good courage • Every way of a man is right in his own eyes.

9. Punctuation pt. 2: Using Commas • Use a comma and a conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet) to join two independent clauses. • I looked for Bob, and he found me. • Use a single comma to separate three or more items in a list • Pride, stubbornness, and unbelief lead to ruin. • I saw men running rapidly, breathing heavily, and perspiring freely. • Use commas to separate two or more adjectives preceding a noun • Laura seems to be a kind, generous, and considerate person.

10. Punctuation Practice: circle the conjunctions and place the comma(s) where needed • Draw closer to your friends and they will draw closer to you. • I called you last night but you did not answer the phone. • Grandfather is planning to visit next month but he will be staying only five days. • We visited the White House the Capitol and Washington Monument when we went to Washington D.C. • Red white and blue are the colors of the American flag. • An interesting story will include humor conflict suspense and reality. • The young man worked long ate heartily and slept soundly.

11. Punctuation pt. 2: Using Commas • Use commas to indicate nonessential elements in a sentence. • A nonessential element is anything that can be omitted and the remaining words will still mean what they were intended to mean. • i.e. The Great Salt Lake, a large body of water, is located in Utah. • Use commas to set off appositives • An appositive is aw word or group of words that renames the noun. • i.e. The Scottish Highlands, a desolate region, has magnificent scenery. • Use commas to set off direct addresses • i.e. Mr. Smith, can you cover my class? • Use commas to set off introductory phrases. • i.e. In conclusion, after all was said and done we were still rich.

12. Comma Practice • Nero an early Roman emperor persecuted the early church. • The last great Saxon king was Edward the Confessor. • The test pilot John H. Glen was the first American to orbit the earth. • Charles Dickens a Victorian novelist wrote very long pieces. • Einstein a German genius formulated the theory of relativity. • Graphite one of the softest mineral is used to make pencil lead. • My father’s brother James was born on July 4th, 1965.

13. Punctuation pt 3: Colons and Semicolons • Semicolon • Use a semicolon instead of a comma and a conjunction. Shows a close relationship • In 1991 the music world was shaken by a tragic event; the death of Freddy Mercury. • I don't like him; not at all. • Use semicolons between items in a series if the items themselves contain commas • Within the past three years, the Smiths have lived in San Diego, California; Great Lakes, Illinois; and Jacksonville, Florida. • Colon • Use a colon before listed items • Some good vacation areas are: Yosemite, The Great Smokies, and the Florida Keys. • On our last vacation we traveled through four states: Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska. • Use a colon between the hour and minute of a time reference • 8:00 A.M. 12:05 P.M. 4:30 P.M.

14. Decide where a semicolon or colon should be placed in the following sentences. • 1. Ellen and Peter were pleased with the cocker spaniel puppy on the other hand, they had really wanted a beagle. • 2. He looked up and down the columns of ads for the stations on Woodland Avenue Jimmy’s Gulf, Ed’s Shell, Murphy’s Citgo. • 3. The entire family packed into the station wagon when we arrived however, we realized we had left the cat and her kittens in a box on the front porch. • 4. We knew we could get one of the neighbors to feed them for a few days there was, for example Mr. Smith next door or Mrs. Perez down the street. • 5. Mr. Monroe was mayor of the little town he was, in addition the police chief, the dog catcher, and the postmaster.

15. Punctuation pt. 4: Using Quotation Marks • Use quotation marks to enclose the exact words of a speaker. Do not use quotations marks for a paraphrase. • Philip Henry said, “The road to hell is paved with good intentions.” • Capitalize the first word of a direct Quotation. • The quotation should be set off by a comma. • End Marks always go inside the quotation marks. • Colons and Semi-colons always go outside the quotation marks.

16. Quotation Practice • An ancient German proverb says speech is silvern; silence is golden • Language most shows a man Ben Jonson said. • That which we are capable of feeling said Cervantes we are capable of saying • Language was given us said Bovee that we might say pleasant things to each other.

17. Using Apostrophes • Use an apostrophe to form the possessive case of nouns. • To form the possessive of a singular noun, first write the nouns then add ‘s. • Man’s hat cow’s hoof Charles’s theory • To form the possessive of a plural noun, first write the plural form then add ‘s • Oxen’s yoke firemen’s fund • To form the possessive of a plural noun that ends in “S”, first write the plural then add ‘ • Minks’ den gorillas cages • Use apostrophes to show that letters or number have been omitted from a word • Won’t can’t it’s ‘84 you’re

18. Apostrophe Practice

19. Apostrophe Practice • Rewrite each of the following expressions in the possessive case • The ideas of everyone • The worth of a dime • The wings of eagles • Shoes of Mark and Kelly • The paintings of Thomas Eakins